The Classification Of Municipal Government - 1547 Words

From this Chapter, I understand the classification of municipal government from small to big at different scale and also what do the local governments do. The main role is the democratic and service provision. when studying the relationship between these two aspects, some questions are also proposed: is that only when you have property, can you really participate in the vote or democracy? Does the local government responsible to the province about the finances? Or should it responsible to its people? Political part should not be taken away from the responsibility of a local government otherwise it will be no difference with a private supplier. Through reading the history of the local government, it is found that the municipal governments were mainly established in response to the population growth and service demand. Property tax is one of the approaches to increase the income of the government, but had been opposed by the people since the beginning. The Ontario model sets up in 1849 had been referenced for other provinces to establish their local governments. Reforms were also taken during the 20th century to eliminate corruption and to improve efficiency. It seems that the problems we are facing today are the same with what we were facing 100 years. Maybe it is an inherent problem of the government and politics. Comparing with today’s municipalities, the foundations of Canada’s municipal system were very different 200 years ago. Due to the changes of the structure ofShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Public Human Resource Management Between China And United States1684 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy and the society. An effective government, regarding to the economy, the society and even the government development is absolutely necessary. The various countries experience indicated that, an effective government surely is a function limited government, behavior legally achievement government, authority multi- centers disposition government, decision-making highly democratic government, information highly transparent government and naturally also a government has an intelligent, capable and highRead MoreComparison of Public Human Resource Management Between China and United States1697 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy and the society. An effective government, regarding to the economy, the soc iety and even the government development is absolutely necessary. The various countries experience indicated that, an effective government surely is a function limited government, behavior legally achievement government, authority multi- centers disposition government, decision-making highly democratic government, information highly transparent government and naturally also a government has an intelligent, capable and highRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The Environment1197 Words   |  5 Pagesassociated with the combustion of inorganic materials. Separation of household waste from source is a tactic deployed by the UK government to ensure sustainable waste management and waste to energy generation. The problem identified in this chapter is the attitude of residents towards waste disposal separation as waste are been mingled regardless of type and classification of waste, as shown in figure 3 (UK Cabinet office, 2002). The consequence of this is the likelihood of inorgan ic waste ending upRead MoreTypes Of Local Governments From The United States1123 Words   |  5 PagesInstitutions of Local Government Jim McGrath Bowling Green State University Abstract Describe some of the different types of local governments found in the United States. Why are there so many local governments in the United States Are some types more effective than other types? According to the text, why is the idea of Regionalism a good one? Is Dillon’s rule a good idea? Why or Why not? INSTITUTIONS OF LOCAL GOVERNEMT All states institute actions by which local governments are producedRead MoreFia Analysis1027 Words   |  5 Pagescompares the ratio of expenditures to revenue for different land uses, which are used in municipal land-use planning. Land uses, from residential / commercial / industrial , agricultural / and open space, largely determine the different revenues and expenditures of the municipal government because they generated different amounts of revenue from being taxed at different rates. Expenditures also vary from municipal services because different services need to be provided per use like education, policeRead MoreEconomic Factors Of The Canada Adopt Market Oriented Economic Policies Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Factors The Economic policy of the Government- Canada adopt market-oriented economic policies which clearly indicates that there are free flow and competitive market this results that there is no major impact of policies. Instead of low productivity growth Canada gets 10th rank in terms of GDP and also ranks 21st in terms of purchasing power parity (international monetary fund There is light labor market regulation and it is also flexible and there are skill shortages. The economy is dependentRead MoreThe Key Components Of Tax Planning1293 Words   |  6 Pageswealth and to reduce or defer the tax in the current tax year (Hoffman, Maloney, Raabe, Young, 2014). The key components of tax planning are avoid the recognition of income, defer the recognition of income or accelerate deductions, convert the classification of income to a more advantageous form, choose the business entity with the desired tax attributes, preserve formalities by generating and maintaining supporting documentation, a nd act in a manner consistent with the intended objective (HoffmanRead MoreUrbanization in Tamil Nadu1638 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy is collected from internet and various media sources. Urbanisation Tamil Nadu has a very dispersed pattern of urbanisation with municipalities in virtually every District. The boundaries of Chennai District are contiguous with the Chennai Municipal Corporation. However, the Chennai Metropolitan Area is a larger area which includes several municipalities and town panchayats. The spatial distribution (by district) of the six corporations, 104 municipalities, and 611 town panchayats, clearly illustratesRead MoreEconomic Development During The Post War Period Of Reconstruction911 Words   |  4 Pages to progress the economic, political, and societal good of its people and generally surmises and describes changes within a country’s economy; in terms of assets, incomes, savings and socioeconomic structure. There are generally two pivotal classifications of determinant components that stimulus the economic development of a country. They are; ïÆ'Ëœ Economic Factors, (i.e. capital development, natural resources, oversupply of marketable agriculture, foreign trade restrictions and economic approaches)Read MoreClassification Of Law : Legal Method2809 Words   |  12 Pages Classification of law Reg no.: 14B152 Subject: legal method ACKNOWLEDGEMENT EVENTUALLY, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY RESPECTED LEGAL METHOD PROFESSOR NIDHI BUCH MAM FOR PROVIDING ME SUCH A WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY TO COMPILE THIS PROJECT ON CLASSIFICATION OF LAW WHICH ALSO HELPED ME IN DOING A LOT OF RESEARCH AND I CAME TO KNOW ABOUT SO MANY NEW THINGS .I AM REALLY THANKFUL TO HER. SECONDLY I WOULD ALSO LIKE

Teenage Alcoholism - 1078 Words

1. According to statistics on alcoholism and alcohol abuse statistics, even though alcohol has been used in a number of diverse ways. a. Throughout history these ways can be called useful, however, known thousands of years ago that abusive and excessive drinking led to negative outcomes and adverse alcohol side effects. b. The symptoms associated with this are mostly societal and personal problems. 2. Research studies have shown that teenage alcoholism is correlated to the age at which teens start drinking and to the amount and the frequency of their drinking. 3. More precisely, the average age when teenagers first try alcohol is 11 years old for boys and 13 years old for girls. a. The earlier teenagers drink, the more they†¦show more content†¦teens who drink alcohol are 50 times more likely to use cocaine than teens who never consume alcohol. d. Research indicates that adolescents who use alcohol may remember 10 percent less of what they have learned than those who don’t drink. e. In the U.S., problem drinkers are mostly found in young adults between the ages of 18 and 29 C. Statistics of alcohol and teens 1. Some studies done by NIAAA (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) have shown the following: a. Prevalence in 8th graders: i. 51.7% have tried alcohol ii. 43.1% have had an alcoholic drink in the past year iii. 25.1% have been drunk iv. 15.2% have had 1 or more binge drinking episodes 2). Prevalence in 10th graders: i. 70.6% have tried alcohol ii. 63.7% have had an alcoholic drink in the past year iii. 48.9% have been drunk iv. 25.6% have had 1 or more binge drinking episodes v. 1.9% have been daily drinking for at least 1 month at some point in their lives 3). Prevalence in 12th graders: i. 80% have tried alcohol ii. 73.8% have had an alcoholic drink in the past year iii. 62.3% have been drunk iv. 30.8% binge drank in the past 2 weeks v. 3.6% use alcohol daily 2. In 2012, nearly three-quarters of students (72 percent) have consumed alcohol a. by the end of high school, and more than a third (37 percent) have done so by eighth grade 3. From these statistics, you can see how widely abused alcohol really is.Show MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Teenage Alcoholism863 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism is classified as a chronic illness, an addiction that affects the physical condition of a person as well as the mental. With one in every twelve adults living with alcohol abuse, it is a possibility that the children of these people will grow up and follow their parents. In this pattern there is a never ending cycle of alcohol abuse and dependence that has resulted in alcohol being ranked as the third leading cause of behavior related deaths in America (Facts About Alcohol. 2015, July)Read MoreEssay about Teenage Alcoholism1629 Words   |  7 Pages ALCOHOLISM This research paper is on alcoholism and its affect on teenagers and adults. This piece will fully outline alcohol from its origin, and different types of alcohol, all the way to the treatment of alcohol addiction. Reading this paper will hopefully shed some light on the fact that people with an alcohol addiction do not only hurt and affect themselves, but also make the people around them susceptible to the same fate. I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ethyl alcohol (also known as drinkingRead MoreEssay about Teenage Alcoholism1759 Words   |  8 PagesTeenage Alcoholism What is alcohol? Alcohol is many things to many people: To little kids, it is a curiosity. To teenagers, it is ?cool?. To responsible drinkers, it is a relaxant. To bartenders, it is a job, their lives. To restaurant owners, it is a moneymaker. To probation officers, it is a frustration. To actively drinking alcoholics, it is heaven. To wives and husbands of drinking alcoholics, it is a waste. To recovering alcoholics, it is a painful old friend. To us, it is somethingRead More Teenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later1613 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later Teenage drinking is something that goes on every day. No matter how many videos you show to kids about drinking they will still drink. Surveys show that the average teen seventeen and up spends $475.00 a year on liquor, mostly beer; thats more than books, soda, coffee, juice and milk combined. Most parents dont know about teenage drinking unless they catch their kids doing it. Parents usually say oh, my my kid would neverRead MoreTeenage Alcoholism1175 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage Alcoholism By Austin J. Russell December 14, 2011 Teenage drinking. What is it about drinking that teenagers find so attractive? Social influences? Confidence? Respect from others? The focus of this article is on why the highest percentage of alcohol drinkers is young people and teenagers like me and the reasons behind that percentage. Statistics show that the highest percentage of alcoholics, at least in the United States lies in the younger population. This figure is 31.5% (wwwRead MoreTeenage Drinking Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Drinking According to Lang nine out of ten high school seniors have used alcohol, one out of twenty use it daily, and one out of three will get drunk during any given weekend (back cover). Teenage drinking is a very serious problem that is growing by the day in our country. I want to know what kids who drink are getting themselves in to when they decide to start in high school or junior high. What types of health and psychological problems will they be facing? What are the chancesRead MoreEssay on Teenage Drinking In America920 Words   |  4 Pagesmany causes of teenage drinking and effects that prove that drinking is an important issue that needs to be dealt with to preserve American teenagers. Teenage drinking will become worse of a problem if it continues unchecked on its current path to destruction. Alcohol abuse among teenagers in the United States is a plague that is destroying the structure of American society. Statistics show that there certainly is a problem with teens and alcohol in America. Half of the teenage deaths in AmericaRead MoreAlcoholism in College Students1558 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneration in high percentages since the beginning of college education. Today in America it is estimated that approximately 29% of college students are regular alcohol abusers. Another recent study by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism performed showed that college students suffered 1,400 deaths, 70,000 date rapes and assaults, and 500,000 injuries each year as a result of alcohol. (McDonald) Although binge drinking (5+ drinks in one sitting) is considered a normal part of theRead MoreEssay about A Better Solution to the Underage Drinking Problem759 Words   |  4 PagesA Better Solution to the Underage Drinking Problem Recently, the issue of underage drinking has become a major problem for our society. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2009), about 10.4 million young people between ages 12 and 20 have drank more than â€Å"just a few sips† of alcohol. Moreover, 5,000 people under the age of 21 die each year in alcohol-related deaths including car crashes, homicides, and other injuries such as falls (NIAAA, 2009). When adolescentsRead MoreEffects Of Alcoholism On The American Medical Association1016 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review Definition of alcoholism: According to the American medical association alcoholism is a chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial and environmental factors influencing development and manifestations. Alcoholism has had a tremendous impact on the human condition and its relationship to society. The evolution of alcoholism, its behavior and quality of life impact will be addressed; as well as treatments and fiscal impact in the literature review. â€Å"Alcoholism is a complex disorder with

The Early 1800’s, The Dawn of a New Era Had Begun Free Essays

By the early 1800†³s, the dawn of a new era had begun. Family and home life was changing as well as the communities around them. There was a fast growing need to produce products like clothing, quickly and efficiently. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early 1800’s, The Dawn of a New Era Had Begun or any similar topic only for you Order Now This new era brought about the mechanical industry that created factories, which could meet this need. But who would work in these factories if the men were moving west? By the 1840†³s the necessity to find workers for these factories had produced major social changes-changes which carry on until today. Before this time, most all clothing was spun and woven in the home by women. But by the 1840†³s, most was produced in factories set up in what were referred to as mill towns. Lowell Massachusetts was one such town. This change created a whole new idea of what women†s duties were, domestic or money earning laborers? Women had previously only been seen as domestic and having one goal, that of being a housewife. Their move into town to provide a workforce for the clothing factories sparked controversy in many eyes. Some people branded them â€Å"mill girls† who were doomed and unmarriable. Others thought of them as adventurers, with the fancy of bringing new fashions, books and ideas home with them. But the statistics show the average working life at a Lowell factory was only three years. Many of the women who returned home were sick and never married, because they were characterized by â€Å"she has worked in a factory†. In the factories, women were looked down upon–seen only as people who flowed in to the factory day in and day out earning their keep, spinning and weaving for the rest of their lives. They were not worthy of earning an education, and were considered socially and intellectually inept. As time went by, the bigotry began to wear away. The factories flourished with women who had wisdom and potential. One man who visited one of the mills was noted to have bowed to all the women in the mill, This sign of respect was usually reserved for ladies whom society regarded as upper class. As time wore on, â€Å"mill girls† were eventually heeded as ladies, women worth of respect. Eventually, people started noticing that the â€Å"mill girls† were spending their free time bettering themselves. Many had circles of natural selection that allowed them to cultivate and stimulate their minds. They filled the churches, libraries and lecture halls. Many of the women were highly respected by clergyman and lecturers. They testified that the women†s spirits were high along with their intellect. Inevitably, women were encouraged to finish school and reach for goals. This shows a change in how women were perceived. They were no longer lone mill workers without anything to offer society; each was an individual with purpose and worth. Though this was happening, the conditions of the factories were not changing. The Lowell factories provided boarding houses for the women, each housing up to sixty girls. To onlookers, the houses were so charming that many came to visit just to see how the women lived. The perceptions of outsiders were that the women worked and lived in great conditions. They enjoyed their jobs and were hearty and content, but this was not the case. The women often worked twelve or more hours a day and were only allowed up to an hour and forty-five minutes for meals, depending on the time of year. The factories were not properly ventilated and poorly lit. Eliza R. Hemmingway recalls that at any given time six or more women were out due to illnesses. . Miss Sarah G. Bagley submitted the first petition to the Lowell Corporation that was signed by Mr. John Quincey Adams Thayer, and eight hundred and fifty others. This petition called for improvements in the overall working conditions within the factories. These demands for better conditions lit a spark that was the beginning of what is a modern day OSHA, a systematic law for all employers and employees. The corporation acknowledged that their demands were reasonable and considerable, but believed they were not the source for solving the problems the mill workers faced. They felt that the workers in a capitalistic system had their own bargaining power and were equal to management. As a result, the Massachusetts Legislature did not pass into law the provisions outlined in the petition. Around this same time poor immigrants started pouring into the United States by the thousands. They became willing workers, not complaining about conditions as the native workers did. Could this be why the corporation did not meet the women†s needs? The immigrants would be happy to take over the jobs for less money and in the same conditions. What does this say for the corporation? Were they steering away from caring the women working in their factories, or was it just easier to use immigrants? Or maybe, they feared the switching of women†s class and roles in society? They were not ready for women of independence and means. Regardless, society now had to deal with a more independent, self-assured working class woman. No longer needed to fill the entry level, low-paying jobs in the mills, and no longer interested in going back home to be homemakers, women entered society as productive members of the workforce. This transition is still taking place today. How to cite The Early 1800’s, The Dawn of a New Era Had Begun, Essay examples

Biological Viruses All Time Enemies Essay Example For Students

Biological Viruses: All Time Enemies Essay First came fever. Then Hamid Mansaray, a young nurses aide at a remote African hospital, began to hemorrhage. Blood erupted from his nose and mouth. It burst out of capillaries beneath his skin and eyes. By the time I reached the village of Panguma in Serria Leone, Mansaray lay isolated in a special ward. Doctors had diagnosed an obscure illness called Lassa fever. Its cause was a virus, an infective agent so small that 100,000 of them clumped together would still scarcely be visible. Viruses are little more than bundles of genes strands of DNA or RNA, the molecules that carry the blueprints for all life. Yet viruses are far from simple. They invade are cells, causing ailments such as the common wart, as irritating as a cold, or as deadly as this bloody African fever (Jaret, pp. 64). Viruses attack the body by taking over the cells of the body itself, some can be defeated by the bodys white blood cells alone, but for others a cure is yet to be found. Viruses:Viruses are obligate intercellular parasites, particles composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA, but not both) surrounded by a protective protein coat. Outside a host cell, they are inert; inside, they enter a dynamic phase in which they replicate, pirating the host cells enzymes, nucleic and amino acids, and machinery to accomplish what they are not equipped to do alone. Viral replication is often carried out at the expense of the host: diseases such as herpes, rabies, influenza, some cancers, poliomyelitis, and yellow fever are of viral origin. Of the estimated 1000 to 1500 types of viruses, approximately 250 cause disease in humans (over 100 of which cause the common cold), and 100 infect other animals (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia).For these reasons and many more Virus, fittingly, is derived from the Latin word for poison. Viruses are very simple in structure, consisting only of genetic material surrounded by a protective coat. The name was originally used in the 18 90s to describe things that caused diseases but were smaller than bacteria. Viruses on their own are actually practically dead, but when associated with a living cell they can replicate many times, most of the time harming its host in the process. There are hundreds of known viruses that cause a very wide range of diseases not only in humans, but also in animals, insects, bacteria, and plants. The existence of viruses was established in 1892. A Russian scientist named Dimitry I. Ivanovsky discovered what was later to be known as the tobacco mosaic virus. However the name virus was not used to describe these infectious particles until 1898 by a Dutch botanist named Martinus W. Beijerinck. Shortly thereafter viruses were found growing in bacteria, and later named bacteriophages. (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia)T4 Bacteriophage:This colored transmission electron micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage, a virus that infects only bacteria (and in this case only Escherichia coli). Phages lack any reproductive machinery and rely on the apparatus of bacteria in order to replicate. They do so by attaching to the cell wall of the bacterium with the spidery tail fibers visible here. The tail is a sheath that contracts to inject the contents of the head, the genetic material (DNA), into its host. Within 25 minutes of infection, the bacterial apparatus successfully commandeered, viral p rogeny fill the cell. The overcrowded bacterium bursts, releasing approximately 100 new copies of the bacteriophage (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia). Then, in 1935, an American biochemist by the name of Wendell Meredith Stanley crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus and discovered that it was actually composed of the genetic material ribonucleic acid, or RNA. By the 1940s viruses had still yet to be seen, but this was made an actuality with the development of the electron microscope. This was followed quickly by the development of high-speed centrifuges which were used to concentrate and purify viruses. The study of animal viruses reached a major point in the 1950s when methods were developed to culture cells that could support virus replication in test tubes. By this method numerous viruses were discovered, and in the 1960s and 1970s most were analyzed to determine their physical and chemical characteristics. Viruses undergo two different cycles of reproduction. The Lytic cycle and the Lysogenic cycle. (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia)Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles of a BacteriophageAll bacteriophages (viruses that parasitize bacteria) have a Lytic or infectious cycle, in which the virus, incapable of replicating itself, injects its genetic material into a bacterium. By pirating its hosts enzymes and protein-building capacities, the virus can reproduce and repackage, making about 100 new copies before it bursts from and destroys the bacteria. Some bacteriophages, however, behave differently when they infect a bacterium. The injected genetic material instead integrates itself into its host DNA, passively replicating with it to be inherited by bacterial daughter cells. In about 1 in 100,000 of these Lysogenic cells, the viral DNA spontaneously activates and starts a new Lytic cycle (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia). Yemen: Developing a Country EssayHepatitis B, previously known as serum hepatitis, has only been recognized since World War II. It is epidemic in parts of Asia and Africa. Hepatitis B is transmitted by injections transporting a virus-bearing serum, most often during blood transfusion, and by contaminated needles and syringes. For a person who has been accidentally stuck by a needle contaminated with the virus, administration of gamma globulin containing antibodies to the virus greatly reduces the chance of contracting the illness. The virus is also present in other body fluids and can be transmitted by sexual contact. In 1965 B. Blumberg, an American physician, found a viral component called the Australia antigen that determines whether a sample of blood can transmit hepatitis B. All samples of blood intended for transfusion are now routinely tested for the antigen; this has greatly reduced post-transfusion hepatitis. Hepatitis C and D are considered Non-A, and Non-B Hepatitis. Hep atitis C, transmitted in blood or body fluids and caused by a virus which has now been cloned, is the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis. Hepatitis E is transmitted in impure drinking water and can cause an epidemic form of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Another common virus is rabies. (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia)Rabies Virus:The rabies virus is usually transmitted to humans by a bite from an infected dog, but the bite of any animal (wild or domestic) is suspect in an area where rabies is present. In North America, skunks are the principal carriers of the disease, although the raccoon and bat populations are also affected. Symptoms of the disease appear after an incubation period of ten days to one year and include fever, breathing difficulties, muscle spasms, and in later stages, an irrational fear of water. Death almost invariably occurs within three days to three weeks of the onset of symptoms. For this reason, the emphasis of treatment is on prevention. In the Unite d States, domestic dogs are vaccinated yearly and stray dogs are killed (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia). Rabies is an acute, contagious infection of the central nervous system, caused by a specific virus that enters the body through an animal bite. All warm-blooded animals are vulnerable, but in North America the disease is most common in skunks, foxes, bats, raccoons, dogs, and cats. Most of the cases of rabies in humans are caused by the bite of one or another of these animals. The infection period in humans varies from three weeks to 120 days, with an average of about four to six weeks. Rabies is almost always fatal when a vaccine is not given. There are even smaller infective agents than viruses called viroids. Viroids are tiny infectious particle that causes disease in higher plants. Viroids are less than one-tenth the size of the smallest known viruses. Unlike viruses, which can contain either RNA or DNA, viroids consist solely of RNA. Viroids are even more different then viruses by their lack of a capsid. Although viroids can be transmitted from one plant generation to the next and, by means of farm implements, from one plant to another, their method of replication inside the cells of a plant is not understood. Some of the symptoms are, infected plants show slowed or stopped growth and discoloration and may eventually die. As long as viruses are still attacking humans and other organisms, scientists will be constantly looking for cures. BibliographyEbola Virus Hemmorrhagic Fever: General Infection. . Available http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/viralfvr/ebolainf.htm, Nov. 20,1996. Electron Micrograph Library: DNA, DNA protein complexes and Virus. .Available http://phage.bocklabs.wisc.edu/, Nov. 3, 1994. Genital Herpes. . Available http://web.bu.edu/COHIS/std/herpes.htm, Nov. 22,1996. Jaret, Peter and Kasmauski, Karen. National Geographic. Vol. 186, NO. 1. WashingtonD.C. National Geographic Society. July 1994. Levine, Arnold J. Diagram of Infection Cycle of Influenza Virus. . Availablehttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/flu/infect.htm, Nov. 20, 1996. Protists and Viruses. . Availablehttp://www.csuchicu.edu/~pmaslin/fbiol/prtsurs.html, Feb. 23, 1996. Rabies: Encephalitis. . Availablehttp://indy.raidology.uiowa.edu/Providers/TeachingFiles/CNSInfDisR2/text.html, Jul. 12,1995. Varicella / Chicken Pox Dew Drop on a Rose Petal. . Availablehttp://tray.dermatolgy.uiowa.edu/Varicel-02.htm, Sept. 1995. Viral Pneumonias. . Available http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hip/pneumonia/1_viral.htm, Nov. 20,1996. Viral Structure ; Classification. . Available http://virology.science.org/, Nov.20, 1996. Viruses. Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Redmond, WA. Microsoft Corporation.1995.

Richard the Second free essay sample

For further information regarding the critical and stage history of Richard II, see SC, Volumes 6, 24, 39, 52, 58, and 70. INTRODUCTION Richard II (ca. 1595) is the first drama of Shakespeares second historical tetralogy, a sequence of chronological narratives based on events in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries that chronicle the ascent of the Lancastrian line to the throne of England. In the play, Richard, an ineffectual monarch and the last of the Plantagenet kings, is deposed and imprisoned after his cousin Henry Bolingbroke launches a successful coup to usurp the English crown. Following Richards assassination, Bolingbroke becomes King Henry IV, the subject of the following two plays in the sequence. Written entirely in verse, Richard II features what numerous critics perceive as Shakespeares most brilliantly realized rhetorical tragedy, a work centered on the poetic, introspective persona of King Richard II. Devoid of the spectacular battles, much of the violence, and the epic sweep of Shakespeares subsequent historical works, the play has sometimes been faulted for dramatic unevenness, but is nevertheless highly regarded for its moments of superbly crafted and penetrating poetic dialogue. We will write a custom essay sample on Richard the Second or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dorothy C. Hockey (1964) compares the dramatic language of Richard II to Shakespeares later dramas, noting that while his later dramas use a masterful plain style that seamlessly incorporates prose and verse, the ornate and elevated rhetorical manner of Richard II elegantly matches the plays high style and regal subject. Character-based study of Richard II has overwhelmingly focused on its title figure, and on the relationship between Richard and his usurping rival, Henry Bolingbroke. In general, Richard has been viewed in sharp contrast with Shakespeares other English kings. Louise Cowan (1981) characterizes Richard II as a dignified but brooding monarch whose irresponsibility as a ruler is an affront to his hereditary authority. His political mistakes and personal disloyalty lead to his downfall, according to this reading, making Richards abdication the only means of restoring both personal dignity and historical balance. Raphael Falco (1999) focuses on the concept of charisma in his comparative analysis of Richard II and Henry Bolingbroke. For Falco, both men possess this unmistakable mark of leadership, but in very different forms. Bolingbroke challenges and subverts existing authority; he is a revolutionary and defiant hero who, Falco acknowledges, is paradoxically drawn to seek the royal power he will destroy with Richard. Falco notes that Richards authority derives from heredity; as the last king of the Plantagenet dynasty he links himself with permanence, tradition, and the corporate power of many individuals as one. In two complementary discussions of character in Richard II, Charles R. Forker (2001, 2002) examines the sources and tragic consequences of Richards destabilized, mutable personal identity and the results of Shakespeares deeply ambivalent rendering of both Richard and Bolingbroke in the drama. Forker first illuminates a central dichotomy between Richards self-indulgent, despotic rule and Bolingbrokes courageous and expeditious capacities as a natural leader who positions himself as Englands savior. The critic continues by probing the ways in which Shakespeare subverted this simplified opposition in order to expand his play into not merely the representation of two sorts of individuals, but of two complex approaches to power. The story of Richard II, therefore, relates the clash of competing ideological doctrines as personified by their respective standard bearers. Although there are many challenges to a successful staging of this play—such as the elaborate verse, complex political themes, and interpretation of Richards character—Richard II has proved to be popular in recent years and has been revived frequently on the stage. Carol Chillington Rutter (1997) reviews a 1995 production of Richard II directed by Deborah Warner that featured a female lead in the title role. Rutter contends that Warners Richard II—a significant one in Rutters estimation despite much critical denunciation—played effectively with the feminization of Richard and highlighted the emotional undercurrents of the work, including the grief-laden relationship between this declining monarch and his usurping cousin. Reviewing Director Jonathan Kents 2000 staging of the drama with the Almeida Theatre, featuring film star Ralph Fiennes, Ben Brantley (2000) maintains that Fienness scowling interpretation of Richard, while probing and powerful, was perhaps a bit overdone. Although intellectually stimulating, it lacked emotion and pathos in Brantleys appraisal. Offering a different view of the production, Richard Hornby (2000) admires Fienness skill with Shakespearean verse, as well as his flippant and petulant characterization of the deposed monarch. However, Hornby contends that the supporting casts inability to reach the evel of Fiennes severely weakened the project. Sheridan Morley reviews Tim Carrolls 2003 all-male production of Richard II at the Globe in London. Morley praises the casting, especially Mark Rylances exceptional interpretation of Shakespeares â€Å"weak, callow, and ultimately defeated king,† but faults the production for failing to marshal a strong Bolingbroke or other cas t members to support Rylances subtle and majestic Richard. Elvis Mitchell (2001) reviews director John Farrells modern-dress, ninety-minute film adaptation of Richard II. Mitchell finds little merit in this adaptation, citing weak individual performances and a lack of directorial vision, and claims that it â€Å"stands meekly in the shadow of film versions that have come before. † The subject of kingship has attracted a large share of scholarly comment on Richard II. Maynard Mack, Jr. (1973) outlines the antiquated notions of sovereignty professed by the major figures in Richard II, from the ordered, traditionalist views of York and Gaunt to Richards divinely authorized and idealized, but irrevocably weakened, ruling ideal. In Macks appraisal, Shakespeare opened such archaic perspectives to scathing criticism by consistently foreshadowing Richards abdication and the ascent of Bolingbroke. Henry E. Jacobs (1986) also examines the role of kingship in the play. For Jacobs, Richard II dramatizes a theoretical shift from medieval and feudalistic ideals of primogeniture, succession, and divine authority in favor of Renaissance realpolitik—power politics in the terms of Machiavelli. In his analysis, Jacobs summarizes the ways in which Shakespeare depicted the transition from an old ethos to a new one using prophecy as his principle dramatic device. Thomas F. Berninghausen (1987) views the metaphorical relationship between gardening and kingship dramatized in Act III, scene iv of Richard II as the thematic touchstone of the drama. Berninghausen contends that Richard II â€Å"derives its frame, rhetoric, and vocabulary from the myth of the origin of history described in Genesis,† including the stories of the Garden of Eden and Cain and Abel. Thus, according to Berninghausen, the drama reenacts the Christian theme of the Fall by introducing the sins that Henry IV and his son, Henry V, must expiate through their future stewardship of the English people. Kenneth C. Bennett (1988) evaluates the dramatic structure of Richard II and contends that it depicts the two parallel tragedies of Richard and Bolingbroke, who are â€Å"tied ultimately by their underlying prideful errors, their failures to set limitations on their powers. †

Demography of Harbor Hills, Austin, TX

Demography of Harbor Hills, Austin, TX History of the Neighborhoods In this social economic analysis, I will focus on Austin city located in Texas as well as Harbor Hills in New York. Austin is the capital city of the US state of Texas. It has a population of approximately one million people according to US Census Bureau. Since its foundation in the 19th century, Austin has grown in an unprecedented rate to become eleventh most populous city in the US.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Demography of Harbor Hills, Austin, TX specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the city hosts a myriad of government operations and education institutions such as University of Texas. It is worth mentioning that the city has a cosmopolitan composition of population in the sense that many people living in the area come from different races, nationalities and ethnicities. To that end, racial, ethnic and other demographic characteristics of Austin are of paramount importance i n this analysis. Besides, the report will also analyze other variables including poverty levels in comparison to racial and ethnic belonging and background. For the purposes of qualitative analysis and comparison, the paper will also focus on demography of Harbor Hills in New York. Harbor Hills has as modest population of around five thousand people. It reflects a hamlet and is located in Nassau County in New York. The city will provide important variables that will be of interest especially when making comparison of various demographic parameters such as poverty rates and racial background. Fig 1: Racial Composition of Austin, TX Race Population Percentage (%) Total Population: 1,007,264 White Alone 699,233 69.4% Black or African American Alone 85,468 8.5% American Indian and Alaska Native Alone 5,633 0.6% Asian Alone 58,806 5.8% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Alone 770 0.1% Some Other Race Alone 133,673 13.3% Two or More races 23,681 2.4% The mot ivation behind this analysis is the fact that Travis County is one of the most diverse counties not only in Southwest of the United States but also in other areas of the country. The rationale is that the entire state of Texas has experienced unsurpassed rate of immigration leading to a multiethnic population. Most profoundly, Blacks and Hispanics have become significant races within Texas and its cities. Harbor Hills will serve as a point of reference when making comparison about poverty levels and ethnic belonging of the city residents. Besides, the demographic analysis will utilize both dependent and independent variables to arrive at a succinct analysis of the city.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Description of Variables In this analysis, rate of poverty will stand out as of the major variable. It refers to the number of people living below certain threshold. Acco rding to the United States Census Bureau, poverty rate refers to the number of people living below minimum wage. On the other hand, minimum wage is the threshold of income per person in employment that International Labor Organization (ILO) stipulates. It varies from time to time due to other factors such as the rate of inflation and jurisdiction. In Harbor Hills and Austin, analysis of poverty rates will provide us with vital statistics. Besides, analysis of rates of poverty will facilitate explanation of other demographic and external variables such as income and literacy levels. Second, the paper will analyze the rates of poverty visvis ethnic and racial backgrounds of the residents in both neighborhoods. It is important to point out that rate of poverty is directly associated with level of education and race. Due to different cultures and demography, comparison of the two neighborhoods will reveal other characteristics that are pertinent to the analysis. Empirical Profile of the Neighborhoods Poverty rates in Austin vary greatly in accordance to race and ethnicity. The major races in the city are Whites, Black and African Americans, Hispanics, Indian Americans and other races. The Whites constitute approximately 69.4% of the total population while the Blacks and Africans constitute just above 8.5%. Other races constitute approximately 20% of the population. According to 2010 statistics released by US Census Bureau, poverty rate in Austin varies with age. Poverty rate of children under the age of 18 years stand at 22.1% implying that at least two out of ten children living in Austin live under poor conditions. For the population of people between the ages of 18 and 64 years, poverty rate stood at 15.5%. Above 64 years, poverty rate of the population seem to have reduced within the period of analysis. It stood at an average of 8.1%. On average, poverty rate in the city of Austin is just above 15%. According to the US Census Bureau, the rate of poverty remain s high when compared to the national average that was 12% in the same year. Various factors are attributable to high rates of poverty in Austin. At the outset, it is of importance to mention that level of education and race are major determinants of poverty rates in the neighborhood.  On average, Austin’s income per household is around $88 thousands annually. In black households, the average level of income stands at just below $50, 000 annually.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Demography of Harbor Hills, Austin, TX specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is different from the average annual income accruing Whites’ households that stood at approximately $96, 499 during the same period. Consequently, the disparities that are apparent in terms of incomes also reflect in other aspects of Austin. For instance, poverty levels among the blacks stand at about 24.3% while that of Whites is a mere 13.3% (in the year 2010). In addition, it is worth highlighting that other races residing in Austin record a significantly higher rate of poverty than the white population. Central to the rate of poverty is the level of education across the ethnic groups living in Austin. Apparently, over a quarter of the population has attained a bachelor’s degree while almost an equal proportion of the population has some college education. Education is an important indicator of the likelihood of being absorbed in the labor market according to many social scientists. As such, its rate either increases or reduces the likelihood of employment and influences the amount of income accruing each household. To this end, it is important to pinpoint that that rate of unemployment amongst the white population stood at a modest 5.9% in the neighborhood. Among the blacks, the rate of unemployment is more than twice when compared to that of the white population. It stood at 12.4% according to the statistics released by Census Bureau in 2010. This helps us to draw a conclusion and deduce that average white population is more literate than respective black population in Austin. This is reflected in the disparities of income per household and the rate of unemployment between the two major races living in the city Austin. In Harbor Hills, New York, poverty rates are relatively low when compared to Austin. Particularly, the number of poor children stood at five in 2001accounting for 0.8% of children under the age 18 that live in abject poverty. This number has grown in a period of 10 years to peak at 3.2% in 2011. For ages between 24 and 64 years, the rate of poverty has increased from 5.1% to 7.1 between 2001 and 2011 respectively. Nonetheless, the rate of poverty among the senior citizens has reduced marginally from 5.3% in 2001 to 4.8% by 2011. On average, Harbor Hills has one of the lowest rates of poverty in Nassau County. It is important to highlight that poverty levels vary considerably in l ine with racial belonging and education attainment of the residents. Unlike in Austin, Harbor Hills has one of the lowest rates poverty accruing the black population and other minority races. According to the US Census Bureau, the rate of poverty among the black population stood at 0.5% in 2010, which was a lower rate of poverty than that of the majority white population. In fact, the rate of poverty among white residents of the neighborhood stood at 6.8% in 2011.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The mean income accruing every household in Harbor Hills was approximately $83,275 in 2010. While the statistics for the annual income accruing black households was unavailable by the end of 2010, every white household recorded an average annual income of about $83, 451. This implies that the households had a higher per household income than all other racial groups in the neighborhood. While income per household is a strong exogenous variable that influences poverty rates within a community, other factors such as education attainment contribute significantly to the welfare of the residents. US Census Bureau records that an average of 48.7% of the population has attained a bachelor’s degree with well above 20% of the population having achieved a graduate degree. This implies that a considerable majority of the residents is able to access employment opportunities in both military and civilian institutions. Due to high level of educational attainment, it is critical to highlight that Harbor Hills has a different social economic profile than Austin. In addition, the number of people living in the neighborhood is relatively low when compared to the residents of Austin. It therefore follows that population density of the two neighborhoods vary greatly despite similar variables typifying the communities. Besides, seems to be ‘an above average’ suburb in terms of socio-economic parameters that are provided by US Census Bureau. Conclusion In essence, Austin and Harbor Hills neighborhoods vary greatly. On the one hand, Austin is located in Travis County, Texas in Southwest of the US. It is the capital city of Texas and hosts myriads of state institutions and departments. Due to its geographical location, Austin has different social groups belonging to various races, ethnicities and nationalities. White and black races are the predominant races although there are other races in the city. According to the US Census Bureau report of 2010, poverty rates among the white residents are lower than poverty rates among the black residents. Consequently, there is a higher level of average annual income accruing white households than black households. This is due to the average levels of unemployment and educational attainment that are skewed in favor of the white population. On the other hand, Harbor Hills is located in Long Island of New York. It is a relatively affluent suburb of New York City in the county of Nassau. Unlike Austin, Harbor Hills has a low population of about five thousand people. However, the residents have different ethnicities, races and nationalities. Moreover, the rates of poverty are relatively lower than in Austin. The levels of income and unemployment are more favorable for Harbor Hills; residents than for Austin dwellers. Reflection From the above demographic analysis, I have learned various lessons that are valuable to my social research and inquiry skills. At the outset, I have learnt that the level of income accruing every household is an important indicator of poverty level and status. However, households’ income is a dependent variable that correlates with levels of education attainment, unemployment and racial background. It is not surprising therefore, that black population in Austin suffers from the highest rates of unemployment and the lowest levels of educational attainment. This in turn has led to high number of black residents living under conditions of poverty and subsequently, low incomes accruing their households. Second, I have learnt that Austin has a higher number of residents (approximately one million) than Harbor Hills (five thousand). This has had a significant influence on the statistics that US Census Bureau released in 2010. For instance, it is absurd to purport that no student dropped out of high school in Harbor Hills since the statistics indicate a figure that is well below 1% in 2010. Indeed, the percentages do not reveal the actual number of people high lighted by various variables. Third, I have understood that Harbor Hills is relatively affluent than Austin. The rationale is that the neighborhood has a population of black residents who are comparatively wealthier than white residents are. Besides, it seems that only the wealthy blacks can afford to live in Harbor Hills. This is reflected in the high level of educational attainment in the neighborhood. It is commendable that the rates of literacy in the area are above 95%. Finally, I have learnt that Austin city is of strategic importance for the state of Texas. The reason is that the city has a rich diversity that can be used to draw general conclusions about the demographic characteristics of other cities.

The Impact of Internet on Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Impact of Internet on Thinking - Essay Example Despite this the internet has many advantages on the way people think. My research question is: does the web shorten our attention spans? Attention span can be defined as the ability of a person to concentrate on a task without distraction. Attention varies with age and is measured by the time we spend continuously on a particular task. No, the internet does not shorten our span of attention as the studies conducted have shown that adults who spend time on the web boosted their brain power and also helped in preventing cognitive turn down like Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Spending time on the internet is beneficial to both adults and the young people. To the young the web has been of great importance as they use the internet as a tool of education and has registered positive effects on their academic performance. However the exposure of the web to children at a younger age should be minimal and if necessary, can be increased moderately with time and age as studies show th at the use of web increases attention of the adults better than the children (Dreyfus 60). The use of the web has made people to function like computers as they are able to receive, encode process and retrieve information faster than before and have become adapted to multi-tasking as a result of engaging or brains into activity. The attention span has improved because when people spend time on the web, this means that they spend time reading and studies have shown that students who spend at least 30 minutes on the internet have been shown to perform better. The use of the web keeps our brains active and improves our efficiency as well as our attention span. The brain has a nature of a muscle and therefore needs regular exercise, when we use the web, the brain is engaged in some activity and therefore it becomes more attentive. Failure to engage the brain makes it to be passive and thus lowers the span of attention. Most people have are easily distracted when reading a book than when on the web. The monotonous nature of the book makes one to be easily distracted unlike when one is on the web. The web has interesting things and one can learn new information at a very short time. Most people can concentrate for about 30 minutes when not using the internet and this span increases when they are using the web. The reason behind this is that the web has a lot of new, interesting information and this makes the person to want to learn more and therefore ends up concentrating on a particular task for a long period without getting distracted or bored (Brockman 176). The use of the web has enabled people to easily access information and learn new information unlike when not using the internet where people may spend a lot of time looking for specific information at the libraries for a long time. However, precaution is necessary as the use of the web has its setbacks among them is addiction to the wrong information. Studies conducted in the past have shown that students who are use the internet regularly do not use the internet in a productive way as they may be on social network sites ( Dreyfus 87). Most institutions are coming up with ways in which they can divert their attention from these social networking sites and makes their time when using the web more productive. The institutions are blocking the accessibility of these sites when students are in the institution and can only access the sites when they leave school.