The Classification Of Municipal Government - 1547 Words

From this Chapter, I understand the classification of municipal government from small to big at different scale and also what do the local governments do. The main role is the democratic and service provision. when studying the relationship between these two aspects, some questions are also proposed: is that only when you have property, can you really participate in the vote or democracy? Does the local government responsible to the province about the finances? Or should it responsible to its people? Political part should not be taken away from the responsibility of a local government otherwise it will be no difference with a private supplier. Through reading the history of the local government, it is found that the municipal governments were mainly established in response to the population growth and service demand. Property tax is one of the approaches to increase the income of the government, but had been opposed by the people since the beginning. The Ontario model sets up in 1849 had been referenced for other provinces to establish their local governments. Reforms were also taken during the 20th century to eliminate corruption and to improve efficiency. It seems that the problems we are facing today are the same with what we were facing 100 years. Maybe it is an inherent problem of the government and politics. Comparing with today’s municipalities, the foundations of Canada’s municipal system were very different 200 years ago. Due to the changes of the structure ofShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Public Human Resource Management Between China And United States1684 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy and the society. An effective government, regarding to the economy, the society and even the government development is absolutely necessary. The various countries experience indicated that, an effective government surely is a function limited government, behavior legally achievement government, authority multi- centers disposition government, decision-making highly democratic government, information highly transparent government and naturally also a government has an intelligent, capable and highRead MoreComparison of Public Human Resource Management Between China and United States1697 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy and the society. An effective government, regarding to the economy, the soc iety and even the government development is absolutely necessary. The various countries experience indicated that, an effective government surely is a function limited government, behavior legally achievement government, authority multi- centers disposition government, decision-making highly democratic government, information highly transparent government and naturally also a government has an intelligent, capable and highRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The Environment1197 Words   |  5 Pagesassociated with the combustion of inorganic materials. Separation of household waste from source is a tactic deployed by the UK government to ensure sustainable waste management and waste to energy generation. The problem identified in this chapter is the attitude of residents towards waste disposal separation as waste are been mingled regardless of type and classification of waste, as shown in figure 3 (UK Cabinet office, 2002). The consequence of this is the likelihood of inorgan ic waste ending upRead MoreTypes Of Local Governments From The United States1123 Words   |  5 PagesInstitutions of Local Government Jim McGrath Bowling Green State University Abstract Describe some of the different types of local governments found in the United States. Why are there so many local governments in the United States Are some types more effective than other types? According to the text, why is the idea of Regionalism a good one? Is Dillon’s rule a good idea? Why or Why not? INSTITUTIONS OF LOCAL GOVERNEMT All states institute actions by which local governments are producedRead MoreFia Analysis1027 Words   |  5 Pagescompares the ratio of expenditures to revenue for different land uses, which are used in municipal land-use planning. Land uses, from residential / commercial / industrial , agricultural / and open space, largely determine the different revenues and expenditures of the municipal government because they generated different amounts of revenue from being taxed at different rates. Expenditures also vary from municipal services because different services need to be provided per use like education, policeRead MoreEconomic Factors Of The Canada Adopt Market Oriented Economic Policies Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Factors The Economic policy of the Government- Canada adopt market-oriented economic policies which clearly indicates that there are free flow and competitive market this results that there is no major impact of policies. Instead of low productivity growth Canada gets 10th rank in terms of GDP and also ranks 21st in terms of purchasing power parity (international monetary fund There is light labor market regulation and it is also flexible and there are skill shortages. The economy is dependentRead MoreThe Key Components Of Tax Planning1293 Words   |  6 Pageswealth and to reduce or defer the tax in the current tax year (Hoffman, Maloney, Raabe, Young, 2014). The key components of tax planning are avoid the recognition of income, defer the recognition of income or accelerate deductions, convert the classification of income to a more advantageous form, choose the business entity with the desired tax attributes, preserve formalities by generating and maintaining supporting documentation, a nd act in a manner consistent with the intended objective (HoffmanRead MoreUrbanization in Tamil Nadu1638 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy is collected from internet and various media sources. Urbanisation Tamil Nadu has a very dispersed pattern of urbanisation with municipalities in virtually every District. The boundaries of Chennai District are contiguous with the Chennai Municipal Corporation. However, the Chennai Metropolitan Area is a larger area which includes several municipalities and town panchayats. The spatial distribution (by district) of the six corporations, 104 municipalities, and 611 town panchayats, clearly illustratesRead MoreEconomic Development During The Post War Period Of Reconstruction911 Words   |  4 Pages to progress the economic, political, and societal good of its people and generally surmises and describes changes within a country’s economy; in terms of assets, incomes, savings and socioeconomic structure. There are generally two pivotal classifications of determinant components that stimulus the economic development of a country. They are; ïÆ'Ëœ Economic Factors, (i.e. capital development, natural resources, oversupply of marketable agriculture, foreign trade restrictions and economic approaches)Read MoreClassification Of Law : Legal Method2809 Words   |  12 Pages Classification of law Reg no.: 14B152 Subject: legal method ACKNOWLEDGEMENT EVENTUALLY, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY RESPECTED LEGAL METHOD PROFESSOR NIDHI BUCH MAM FOR PROVIDING ME SUCH A WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY TO COMPILE THIS PROJECT ON CLASSIFICATION OF LAW WHICH ALSO HELPED ME IN DOING A LOT OF RESEARCH AND I CAME TO KNOW ABOUT SO MANY NEW THINGS .I AM REALLY THANKFUL TO HER. SECONDLY I WOULD ALSO LIKE

Teenage Alcoholism - 1078 Words

1. According to statistics on alcoholism and alcohol abuse statistics, even though alcohol has been used in a number of diverse ways. a. Throughout history these ways can be called useful, however, known thousands of years ago that abusive and excessive drinking led to negative outcomes and adverse alcohol side effects. b. The symptoms associated with this are mostly societal and personal problems. 2. Research studies have shown that teenage alcoholism is correlated to the age at which teens start drinking and to the amount and the frequency of their drinking. 3. More precisely, the average age when teenagers first try alcohol is 11 years old for boys and 13 years old for girls. a. The earlier teenagers drink, the more they†¦show more content†¦teens who drink alcohol are 50 times more likely to use cocaine than teens who never consume alcohol. d. Research indicates that adolescents who use alcohol may remember 10 percent less of what they have learned than those who don’t drink. e. In the U.S., problem drinkers are mostly found in young adults between the ages of 18 and 29 C. Statistics of alcohol and teens 1. Some studies done by NIAAA (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) have shown the following: a. Prevalence in 8th graders: i. 51.7% have tried alcohol ii. 43.1% have had an alcoholic drink in the past year iii. 25.1% have been drunk iv. 15.2% have had 1 or more binge drinking episodes 2). Prevalence in 10th graders: i. 70.6% have tried alcohol ii. 63.7% have had an alcoholic drink in the past year iii. 48.9% have been drunk iv. 25.6% have had 1 or more binge drinking episodes v. 1.9% have been daily drinking for at least 1 month at some point in their lives 3). Prevalence in 12th graders: i. 80% have tried alcohol ii. 73.8% have had an alcoholic drink in the past year iii. 62.3% have been drunk iv. 30.8% binge drank in the past 2 weeks v. 3.6% use alcohol daily 2. In 2012, nearly three-quarters of students (72 percent) have consumed alcohol a. by the end of high school, and more than a third (37 percent) have done so by eighth grade 3. From these statistics, you can see how widely abused alcohol really is.Show MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Teenage Alcoholism863 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism is classified as a chronic illness, an addiction that affects the physical condition of a person as well as the mental. With one in every twelve adults living with alcohol abuse, it is a possibility that the children of these people will grow up and follow their parents. In this pattern there is a never ending cycle of alcohol abuse and dependence that has resulted in alcohol being ranked as the third leading cause of behavior related deaths in America (Facts About Alcohol. 2015, July)Read MoreEssay about Teenage Alcoholism1629 Words   |  7 Pages ALCOHOLISM This research paper is on alcoholism and its affect on teenagers and adults. This piece will fully outline alcohol from its origin, and different types of alcohol, all the way to the treatment of alcohol addiction. Reading this paper will hopefully shed some light on the fact that people with an alcohol addiction do not only hurt and affect themselves, but also make the people around them susceptible to the same fate. I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ethyl alcohol (also known as drinkingRead MoreEssay about Teenage Alcoholism1759 Words   |  8 PagesTeenage Alcoholism What is alcohol? Alcohol is many things to many people: To little kids, it is a curiosity. To teenagers, it is ?cool?. To responsible drinkers, it is a relaxant. To bartenders, it is a job, their lives. To restaurant owners, it is a moneymaker. To probation officers, it is a frustration. To actively drinking alcoholics, it is heaven. To wives and husbands of drinking alcoholics, it is a waste. To recovering alcoholics, it is a painful old friend. To us, it is somethingRead More Teenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later1613 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later Teenage drinking is something that goes on every day. No matter how many videos you show to kids about drinking they will still drink. Surveys show that the average teen seventeen and up spends $475.00 a year on liquor, mostly beer; thats more than books, soda, coffee, juice and milk combined. Most parents dont know about teenage drinking unless they catch their kids doing it. Parents usually say oh, my my kid would neverRead MoreTeenage Alcoholism1175 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage Alcoholism By Austin J. Russell December 14, 2011 Teenage drinking. What is it about drinking that teenagers find so attractive? Social influences? Confidence? Respect from others? The focus of this article is on why the highest percentage of alcohol drinkers is young people and teenagers like me and the reasons behind that percentage. Statistics show that the highest percentage of alcoholics, at least in the United States lies in the younger population. This figure is 31.5% (wwwRead MoreTeenage Drinking Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Drinking According to Lang nine out of ten high school seniors have used alcohol, one out of twenty use it daily, and one out of three will get drunk during any given weekend (back cover). Teenage drinking is a very serious problem that is growing by the day in our country. I want to know what kids who drink are getting themselves in to when they decide to start in high school or junior high. What types of health and psychological problems will they be facing? What are the chancesRead MoreEssay on Teenage Drinking In America920 Words   |  4 Pagesmany causes of teenage drinking and effects that prove that drinking is an important issue that needs to be dealt with to preserve American teenagers. Teenage drinking will become worse of a problem if it continues unchecked on its current path to destruction. Alcohol abuse among teenagers in the United States is a plague that is destroying the structure of American society. Statistics show that there certainly is a problem with teens and alcohol in America. Half of the teenage deaths in AmericaRead MoreAlcoholism in College Students1558 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneration in high percentages since the beginning of college education. Today in America it is estimated that approximately 29% of college students are regular alcohol abusers. Another recent study by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism performed showed that college students suffered 1,400 deaths, 70,000 date rapes and assaults, and 500,000 injuries each year as a result of alcohol. (McDonald) Although binge drinking (5+ drinks in one sitting) is considered a normal part of theRead MoreEssay about A Better Solution to the Underage Drinking Problem759 Words   |  4 PagesA Better Solution to the Underage Drinking Problem Recently, the issue of underage drinking has become a major problem for our society. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2009), about 10.4 million young people between ages 12 and 20 have drank more than â€Å"just a few sips† of alcohol. Moreover, 5,000 people under the age of 21 die each year in alcohol-related deaths including car crashes, homicides, and other injuries such as falls (NIAAA, 2009). When adolescentsRead MoreEffects Of Alcoholism On The American Medical Association1016 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review Definition of alcoholism: According to the American medical association alcoholism is a chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial and environmental factors influencing development and manifestations. Alcoholism has had a tremendous impact on the human condition and its relationship to society. The evolution of alcoholism, its behavior and quality of life impact will be addressed; as well as treatments and fiscal impact in the literature review. â€Å"Alcoholism is a complex disorder with

The Early 1800’s, The Dawn of a New Era Had Begun Free Essays

By the early 1800†³s, the dawn of a new era had begun. Family and home life was changing as well as the communities around them. There was a fast growing need to produce products like clothing, quickly and efficiently. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early 1800’s, The Dawn of a New Era Had Begun or any similar topic only for you Order Now This new era brought about the mechanical industry that created factories, which could meet this need. But who would work in these factories if the men were moving west? By the 1840†³s the necessity to find workers for these factories had produced major social changes-changes which carry on until today. Before this time, most all clothing was spun and woven in the home by women. But by the 1840†³s, most was produced in factories set up in what were referred to as mill towns. Lowell Massachusetts was one such town. This change created a whole new idea of what women†s duties were, domestic or money earning laborers? Women had previously only been seen as domestic and having one goal, that of being a housewife. Their move into town to provide a workforce for the clothing factories sparked controversy in many eyes. Some people branded them â€Å"mill girls† who were doomed and unmarriable. Others thought of them as adventurers, with the fancy of bringing new fashions, books and ideas home with them. But the statistics show the average working life at a Lowell factory was only three years. Many of the women who returned home were sick and never married, because they were characterized by â€Å"she has worked in a factory†. In the factories, women were looked down upon–seen only as people who flowed in to the factory day in and day out earning their keep, spinning and weaving for the rest of their lives. They were not worthy of earning an education, and were considered socially and intellectually inept. As time went by, the bigotry began to wear away. The factories flourished with women who had wisdom and potential. One man who visited one of the mills was noted to have bowed to all the women in the mill, This sign of respect was usually reserved for ladies whom society regarded as upper class. As time wore on, â€Å"mill girls† were eventually heeded as ladies, women worth of respect. Eventually, people started noticing that the â€Å"mill girls† were spending their free time bettering themselves. Many had circles of natural selection that allowed them to cultivate and stimulate their minds. They filled the churches, libraries and lecture halls. Many of the women were highly respected by clergyman and lecturers. They testified that the women†s spirits were high along with their intellect. Inevitably, women were encouraged to finish school and reach for goals. This shows a change in how women were perceived. They were no longer lone mill workers without anything to offer society; each was an individual with purpose and worth. Though this was happening, the conditions of the factories were not changing. The Lowell factories provided boarding houses for the women, each housing up to sixty girls. To onlookers, the houses were so charming that many came to visit just to see how the women lived. The perceptions of outsiders were that the women worked and lived in great conditions. They enjoyed their jobs and were hearty and content, but this was not the case. The women often worked twelve or more hours a day and were only allowed up to an hour and forty-five minutes for meals, depending on the time of year. The factories were not properly ventilated and poorly lit. Eliza R. Hemmingway recalls that at any given time six or more women were out due to illnesses. . Miss Sarah G. Bagley submitted the first petition to the Lowell Corporation that was signed by Mr. John Quincey Adams Thayer, and eight hundred and fifty others. This petition called for improvements in the overall working conditions within the factories. These demands for better conditions lit a spark that was the beginning of what is a modern day OSHA, a systematic law for all employers and employees. The corporation acknowledged that their demands were reasonable and considerable, but believed they were not the source for solving the problems the mill workers faced. They felt that the workers in a capitalistic system had their own bargaining power and were equal to management. As a result, the Massachusetts Legislature did not pass into law the provisions outlined in the petition. Around this same time poor immigrants started pouring into the United States by the thousands. They became willing workers, not complaining about conditions as the native workers did. Could this be why the corporation did not meet the women†s needs? The immigrants would be happy to take over the jobs for less money and in the same conditions. What does this say for the corporation? Were they steering away from caring the women working in their factories, or was it just easier to use immigrants? Or maybe, they feared the switching of women†s class and roles in society? They were not ready for women of independence and means. Regardless, society now had to deal with a more independent, self-assured working class woman. No longer needed to fill the entry level, low-paying jobs in the mills, and no longer interested in going back home to be homemakers, women entered society as productive members of the workforce. This transition is still taking place today. How to cite The Early 1800’s, The Dawn of a New Era Had Begun, Essay examples

Biological Viruses All Time Enemies Essay Example For Students

Biological Viruses: All Time Enemies Essay First came fever. Then Hamid Mansaray, a young nurses aide at a remote African hospital, began to hemorrhage. Blood erupted from his nose and mouth. It burst out of capillaries beneath his skin and eyes. By the time I reached the village of Panguma in Serria Leone, Mansaray lay isolated in a special ward. Doctors had diagnosed an obscure illness called Lassa fever. Its cause was a virus, an infective agent so small that 100,000 of them clumped together would still scarcely be visible. Viruses are little more than bundles of genes strands of DNA or RNA, the molecules that carry the blueprints for all life. Yet viruses are far from simple. They invade are cells, causing ailments such as the common wart, as irritating as a cold, or as deadly as this bloody African fever (Jaret, pp. 64). Viruses attack the body by taking over the cells of the body itself, some can be defeated by the bodys white blood cells alone, but for others a cure is yet to be found. Viruses:Viruses are obligate intercellular parasites, particles composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA, but not both) surrounded by a protective protein coat. Outside a host cell, they are inert; inside, they enter a dynamic phase in which they replicate, pirating the host cells enzymes, nucleic and amino acids, and machinery to accomplish what they are not equipped to do alone. Viral replication is often carried out at the expense of the host: diseases such as herpes, rabies, influenza, some cancers, poliomyelitis, and yellow fever are of viral origin. Of the estimated 1000 to 1500 types of viruses, approximately 250 cause disease in humans (over 100 of which cause the common cold), and 100 infect other animals (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia).For these reasons and many more Virus, fittingly, is derived from the Latin word for poison. Viruses are very simple in structure, consisting only of genetic material surrounded by a protective coat. The name was originally used in the 18 90s to describe things that caused diseases but were smaller than bacteria. Viruses on their own are actually practically dead, but when associated with a living cell they can replicate many times, most of the time harming its host in the process. There are hundreds of known viruses that cause a very wide range of diseases not only in humans, but also in animals, insects, bacteria, and plants. The existence of viruses was established in 1892. A Russian scientist named Dimitry I. Ivanovsky discovered what was later to be known as the tobacco mosaic virus. However the name virus was not used to describe these infectious particles until 1898 by a Dutch botanist named Martinus W. Beijerinck. Shortly thereafter viruses were found growing in bacteria, and later named bacteriophages. (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia)T4 Bacteriophage:This colored transmission electron micrograph shows a T4 bacteriophage, a virus that infects only bacteria (and in this case only Escherichia coli). Phages lack any reproductive machinery and rely on the apparatus of bacteria in order to replicate. They do so by attaching to the cell wall of the bacterium with the spidery tail fibers visible here. The tail is a sheath that contracts to inject the contents of the head, the genetic material (DNA), into its host. Within 25 minutes of infection, the bacterial apparatus successfully commandeered, viral p rogeny fill the cell. The overcrowded bacterium bursts, releasing approximately 100 new copies of the bacteriophage (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia). Then, in 1935, an American biochemist by the name of Wendell Meredith Stanley crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus and discovered that it was actually composed of the genetic material ribonucleic acid, or RNA. By the 1940s viruses had still yet to be seen, but this was made an actuality with the development of the electron microscope. This was followed quickly by the development of high-speed centrifuges which were used to concentrate and purify viruses. The study of animal viruses reached a major point in the 1950s when methods were developed to culture cells that could support virus replication in test tubes. By this method numerous viruses were discovered, and in the 1960s and 1970s most were analyzed to determine their physical and chemical characteristics. Viruses undergo two different cycles of reproduction. The Lytic cycle and the Lysogenic cycle. (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia)Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles of a BacteriophageAll bacteriophages (viruses that parasitize bacteria) have a Lytic or infectious cycle, in which the virus, incapable of replicating itself, injects its genetic material into a bacterium. By pirating its hosts enzymes and protein-building capacities, the virus can reproduce and repackage, making about 100 new copies before it bursts from and destroys the bacteria. Some bacteriophages, however, behave differently when they infect a bacterium. The injected genetic material instead integrates itself into its host DNA, passively replicating with it to be inherited by bacterial daughter cells. In about 1 in 100,000 of these Lysogenic cells, the viral DNA spontaneously activates and starts a new Lytic cycle (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia). Yemen: Developing a Country EssayHepatitis B, previously known as serum hepatitis, has only been recognized since World War II. It is epidemic in parts of Asia and Africa. Hepatitis B is transmitted by injections transporting a virus-bearing serum, most often during blood transfusion, and by contaminated needles and syringes. For a person who has been accidentally stuck by a needle contaminated with the virus, administration of gamma globulin containing antibodies to the virus greatly reduces the chance of contracting the illness. The virus is also present in other body fluids and can be transmitted by sexual contact. In 1965 B. Blumberg, an American physician, found a viral component called the Australia antigen that determines whether a sample of blood can transmit hepatitis B. All samples of blood intended for transfusion are now routinely tested for the antigen; this has greatly reduced post-transfusion hepatitis. Hepatitis C and D are considered Non-A, and Non-B Hepatitis. Hep atitis C, transmitted in blood or body fluids and caused by a virus which has now been cloned, is the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis. Hepatitis E is transmitted in impure drinking water and can cause an epidemic form of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Another common virus is rabies. (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia)Rabies Virus:The rabies virus is usually transmitted to humans by a bite from an infected dog, but the bite of any animal (wild or domestic) is suspect in an area where rabies is present. In North America, skunks are the principal carriers of the disease, although the raccoon and bat populations are also affected. Symptoms of the disease appear after an incubation period of ten days to one year and include fever, breathing difficulties, muscle spasms, and in later stages, an irrational fear of water. Death almost invariably occurs within three days to three weeks of the onset of symptoms. For this reason, the emphasis of treatment is on prevention. In the Unite d States, domestic dogs are vaccinated yearly and stray dogs are killed (Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia). Rabies is an acute, contagious infection of the central nervous system, caused by a specific virus that enters the body through an animal bite. All warm-blooded animals are vulnerable, but in North America the disease is most common in skunks, foxes, bats, raccoons, dogs, and cats. Most of the cases of rabies in humans are caused by the bite of one or another of these animals. The infection period in humans varies from three weeks to 120 days, with an average of about four to six weeks. Rabies is almost always fatal when a vaccine is not given. There are even smaller infective agents than viruses called viroids. Viroids are tiny infectious particle that causes disease in higher plants. Viroids are less than one-tenth the size of the smallest known viruses. Unlike viruses, which can contain either RNA or DNA, viroids consist solely of RNA. Viroids are even more different then viruses by their lack of a capsid. Although viroids can be transmitted from one plant generation to the next and, by means of farm implements, from one plant to another, their method of replication inside the cells of a plant is not understood. Some of the symptoms are, infected plants show slowed or stopped growth and discoloration and may eventually die. As long as viruses are still attacking humans and other organisms, scientists will be constantly looking for cures. BibliographyEbola Virus Hemmorrhagic Fever: General Infection. . Available http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/viralfvr/ebolainf.htm, Nov. 20,1996. Electron Micrograph Library: DNA, DNA protein complexes and Virus. .Available http://phage.bocklabs.wisc.edu/, Nov. 3, 1994. Genital Herpes. . Available http://web.bu.edu/COHIS/std/herpes.htm, Nov. 22,1996. Jaret, Peter and Kasmauski, Karen. National Geographic. Vol. 186, NO. 1. WashingtonD.C. National Geographic Society. July 1994. Levine, Arnold J. Diagram of Infection Cycle of Influenza Virus. . Availablehttp://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/flu/infect.htm, Nov. 20, 1996. Protists and Viruses. . Availablehttp://www.csuchicu.edu/~pmaslin/fbiol/prtsurs.html, Feb. 23, 1996. Rabies: Encephalitis. . Availablehttp://indy.raidology.uiowa.edu/Providers/TeachingFiles/CNSInfDisR2/text.html, Jul. 12,1995. Varicella / Chicken Pox Dew Drop on a Rose Petal. . Availablehttp://tray.dermatolgy.uiowa.edu/Varicel-02.htm, Sept. 1995. Viral Pneumonias. . Available http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hip/pneumonia/1_viral.htm, Nov. 20,1996. Viral Structure ; Classification. . Available http://virology.science.org/, Nov.20, 1996. Viruses. Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Redmond, WA. Microsoft Corporation.1995.