Microfinance - lending to the poor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Microfinance - loaning to poor people - Essay Example Because of these rigid measures, little scope organizations and private business visionaries are bolted from surveying bank accounts to help their organizations. The administration of loaning funds to little scope organizations and private business visionaries who can't access such administrations from banking and other money related foundations is alluded to as microfinance. Banking foundations think about such borrowers as lacking capacity to reimburse credits and the premium (Collins et al. 135). In any case, microfinance organizations have effectively propelled accounts to such borrowers for quite a while and have figured out how to get them out of destitution. Traditionally, banks have disregarded little scope customers by neglecting to allow them credits or acknowledge stores from them. Offering money related types of assistance to little scope clients is a costly action since it requires some investment to forms various however little worth advances including numerous customers (Collins et al. 155). This is on the grounds that similar procedures attempted when handling limited quantity exchange is like what is taken to process an enormous sum having a place with one huge customer. Since a similar loan fee is charged for both huge and little scope customers, banks incline toward managing huge customers so as to spare costs included when managing numerous little scope customers (Yunus 135). The activity cost of preparing exchanges in the bank stays unaltered paying little mind to the measure of assets the bank is dealing with. This is the motivation behind why banks favor enormous scope customers who are making huge exchanges with the goal that they can boost their incomes. As indicated by Collins et al. (165), taking care of numerous records is exorbitant as far as information base administration. This has debilitated banks from welcoming participation from little scope customers with the goal that they can keep up the expense of information base administration as little as could reasonably be expected. As indicated by Yunus (137), banks think about loaning their accounts to little scope

Answer some question form some lectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer some inquiry structure a few talks - Essay Example By estimating and evaluating the schedules errands of representatives, the chief sets up the way of execution and movement for the laborers (Armstrong, 2000). 3. A superior association is accomplished by methods for setting up and putting successful HRM (human asset the executives) work. It is the compelling HRM work that deliberately drives the development and movement of the association. A compelling HRM work is based with the idea of information the board. Overseeing and keeping up scholarly information, corporate information, institutional and auxiliary information, the HRM work welcomes accomplishment for the association. It is vital and successful information the executives that empowers execution of the association (Deb, 2006). 4. A vital HRM capacity can be assessed by methods for the degree of progress and improvement the association has appeared after the capacity got built up. On the off chance that representatives have the best workplace, they have the best wages structured and they have execution based examinations venture that the vital HRM work has expanded the vital estimation of the association. The estimations of trust, participation and coordinated effort are further signs that the association has gained key development and ground (Armstrong, 2000). 5. Employment Analysis is one of the huge assignments of the HRM work. It is an utilitarian undertaking to comprehend the nature and the necessities of a particular errand or employment. Occupation investigation expounds the prerequisites of a particular activity, the abilities and capabilities expected to play out that activity. Occupation examination really comprehends the comparability of a laborer on a particular undertaking position. Setting right man to the correct activity is one critical result of occupation examination activity. Investigating the activity of a HR chief, it very well may be said that arranging and coordination are extreme aptitudes required for this assignment. In the event that a HR director holds solid

Early Identification of Speech free essay sample

Examine the significance of early recognizable proof of discourse, language and correspondence deferrals and clutters and the potential dangers recently acknowledgment clarifying how play exercises are utilized to help the advancement of discourse and language correspondence. Clarify how multi organization groups cooperate to help discourse, language and correspondence. Early distinguishing proof of discourse, language and correspondence delay is critical as the odds of improving these abilities are more prominent. Outside offices can be educated and the kid will get the master bolster they require. On the off chance that these postponements are not recognized the kid may experience the ill effects of absence of certainty, less ready to deal with their musings and will more than likely experience enthusiastic issues. Different parts of advancement that will be influenced are intellectual, social, passionate and conduct. For instance the kid will think that its hard to shape a relationship with other kids who will at that point feel furious and could prompt social issues and separation. We will compose a custom exposition test on Early Identification of Speech or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that a kid suffers from this kind of deferral there various outside offices that would be included. These incorporate discourse and language advisors they will build up the postponement or scatter and exhort guardians and instructors how they can bolster the kid. Guardians and kids will be firmly engaged with the checking and audit of the child’s progress. Senco will support correspondence between organizations which work the kid to sort out gatherings at the school to examine progress. In the event that the youngster isn't gaining any ground, at that point the instructive therapists may get included and do an evaluation and prescribe what to do straightaway. Mental imbalance warning instructor may come into school to propose how to help the youngster who has chemical imbalance. They will have an issue with social cooperation and correspondence. A tangible help instructor may give assets to youngsters who have visual or sound-related impedance and how give encourage how to best help the kid. At the point when kids are learning it has been demonstrated that the technique for play has been fruitful. There are numerous manners by which play openings can bolster the improvement of a childs discourse, language and correspondence. For instance play mixture, can be utilized to frame objects and the kid can think about what has been made. It can likewise be utilized during story time to imagine characters or articles. Picture cards can be utilized to perceive an article or word by sight in the wake of taking a gander at it a couple of times. Another model is a game, for example, I-SPY, I-spy with my little eye something that barks and starts with’d’. A youngster can learn new words and be fit for recognizing various items. Chiming in to melodies and rhymes is a decent method to reinforce their language.

Thank You Letter (Thoughtful and Special) to a Dentist - 275 Words

Thank You Letter (Thoughtful and Special) to a Dentist (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Thank You LetterNameInstitutionDateThank You LetterJane Doe1234 Avenue ParkDenver, Colorado 5678April 11, 2016Dr. Thomas BrownSenior Dentist, Dentistry DepartmentGenerations Hospital9123 Avenue DriveDenver, Colorado 8756Dear Dr. Brown:I hope this letter finds its way to you seeing that you are a busy man. In it, I wish to convey my appreciation for the time you took to listen to my woes concerning the pain I had been living with as a result of my teeth aches. For quite some time, I had become a victim of immense suffering thanks to my dental cavities. My teeth problems almost took me to the level of depression. Every other doctor ruled that the solution to my problems was extracting the affected teeth. My physician was opposed to the idea given my diabetic and hypertensive conditions. When you said that I was suffering from apical periodontitis and that it was possible for a root canal to liberate me from my predicament, I thanked my lucky stars for leading me to my k night in shining armor. Upon your insistence, I conducted the necessary medical examinations (Cohenca, 2014). I felt that you owned my problem. It was as though you were part of me. No other doctor has made me feel cared for like you did. After the root canal, I followed your advice to the latter. True to your word, I am now the happiest of persons. I can sle...

What Happened to Apollo 13

Apollo 13 was a mission that tested NASA and its astronauts to the hilt. It was the thirtheenth scheduled lunar space exploration mission, scheduled for liftoff at the thirtheenth minute after the thirteenth hour. It was supposed to travel to the Moon, and three astronauts would attempt a lunar landing on the thirteenth day of the month. All it lacked was a Friday to be a paraskevidekatriaphobe’s worst nightmare. Unfortunately, no one at NASA was superstitious. Or, perhaps, fortunately. If anyone had stopped or made changes to the schedule of Apollo 13, the world would have missed one of the scariest adventures in space exploration history. Luckily, it ended well, but it took every bit of brainpower among the astronauts and the mission controllers to make it work. Key Takeaways: Apollo 13 The Apollo 13 explosion was a result of faulty electrical wiring, which lowered the crews supply of oxygen.The crew devised a workaround for their oxygen supply based on instructions from mission controllers, who had an inventory of materials onboard the ship that could be used for the fix. Problems Began Before Launch Apollo 13 faced problems even before its launch. Just days before liftoff, astronaut Ken Mattingly was replaced by Jack Swigert when Mattingly was exposed to German measles. There were also some technical issues that should have raised eyebrows. Shortly before launch, a technician noticed a higher pressure on a helium tank than expected. Nothing was done about it besides keeping a close watch. In addition, a vent for liquid oxygen would not close at first and required several recyclings before it would shut properly. The launch, itself, went according to plan, although it went off an hour late. Shortly afterward, though, the center engine of the second stage cut off more than two minutes early. In order to compensate, controllers burned the other four engines an additional 34 seconds. Then, the third stage engine ired for an extra nine seconds during its orbital insertion burn. Fortunately, this all resulted in a mere 1.2 feet per second greater speed than planned. Despite these problems, the flight went ahead and things seemed to go smoothly. Smooth Flight, No One Watching As Apollo 13 entered the Lunar corridor, the command service module (CSM) separated from the third stage and maneuvered around to extract the lunar module. That was the portion of the spacecraft that would take the astronauts to the Moon. Once this was completed, the third stage was driven out along a collision course with the Moon. The resulting impact was to be measured by equipment left behind by Apollo 12. The command service and lunar modules were then on free return trajectory. In case of complete engine loss, this meant the craft would slingshot around the moon and be on course  for a return to Earth. Pictures of Apollo 13 Mission - The Actual Apollo 13 Prime Crew. NASA Headquarters - GReatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN) The evening of April 13, the crew of Apollo 13 had to do a television broadcast explaining their mission and about life aboard the ship. It went well, and Commander Jim Lovell closed the broadcast with this message, This is the crew of Apollo 13. Wish everybody there a nice evening and a, were just about to close out our inspection of Aquarius and get back to a pleasant evening in Odyssey. Goodnight. Unknown to the astronauts, the television networks had decided that traveling to the Moon was such a routine occurrence that none of them broadcast the news conference. Routine Task Goes Awry After completing the broadcast, flight control sent another message, 13, we got one more item for you when you get a chance. Wed like you to err, stir up your cryo tanks. In addition, have a shaft and trunnion, for a look at the Comet Bennett if you need it. Astronaut Jack Swigert replied, OK, stand by. Fighting to Survive on a Dying Ship Moments later, disaster struck. It was three days into the mission, and suddenly everything changed from routine to a race for survival. First, technicians in Houston noticed unusual readings on their instruments and were starting to talk amongst themselves and to the crew of Apollo 13. Suddenly, Jim Lovell’s calm voice broke through the hubbub. Ahh, Houston, weve had a problem. Weve had a main B bus undervolt. This Is No Joke What happened? It took a while to figure out, but heres a rough timeline. Immediately after attempting to follow flight controls last order to stir the cryo tanks, astronaut Jack Swigert heard a loud bang and felt a shudder throughout the ship. Command module (CM) pilot Fred Haise, who was still down in Aquarius after the television broadcast, and mission commander, Jim Lovell, who was in between, gathering cables up, both heard the sound. At first, they thought it was a practical joke previously played by Fred Haise. It turned out to be anything but a joke. A view of the damaged Apollo 13 service module after it separated from the rest of the spacecraft. NASA   Seeing the expression on Jack Swigert’s face, Jim Lovell knew immediately that there was a real problem and hurried into the CSM to join his lunar module pilot. Things did not look good. Alarms were going off as voltage levels of the main power supplies were dropping rapidly. If power was completely lost, the ship had a battery backup, which would last for about ten hours. Unfortunately Apollo 13 was 87 hours from home. Looking out a port, the astronauts saw something that gave them another concern. You know, thats, thats a significant GC. It looks to me looking out the ahh, hatch that we are venting something, someone said. We are, we are venting something out the, into the ahh, into space. From Lost Landing to Struggle for Life A momentary hush fell over the Flight Control Center in Houston as this new information sank in. Then, a flurry of activity began as everybody conferred. Time was critical. As several suggestions for correcting the dropping voltage were raised and tried unsuccessfully, it quickly became apparent that the electrical system could not be saved. Mission Control in Houston, where ground technical personnel worked with the astronauts to devise fixes to their spacecraft to bring them home safely. NASA Commander Jim Lovell’s concern continued to rise. It went from I wonder what this is gonna to do to the landing to I wonder if we can get back home again, he later recalled. The technicians in Houston were having the same concerns. The only chance they had of saving the crew of Apollo 13 was to shut down the CM entirely to save their batteries for reentry. This would require the use of Aquarius, the lunar module as a lifeboat. A module equipped for two men for two days of travel would have to sustain three men for four long days in a scramble around the Moon and back to Earth. The men quickly powered down all the systems inside Odyssey, scrambled down the tunnel and climbed into Aquarius. They hoped it would be their lifeboat and not their tomb. The Aquarius capsule shown after separation. It was where the astronauts huddled for safety during the trip back to Earth after the explosion.   NASA A Cold and Frightening Journey There were two problems to be solved to keep the astronauts alive: first, getting the ship and crew on the fastest route home and second, conserving consumables, power, oxygen, and water. However, sometimes one component interfered with the other. Mission control and the astronauts had to figure out a way to make them all work. As an example, the guidance platform needed to be aligned. (The venting substance had played havoc with the ships attitude.) However, powering up the guidance platform was a heavy drain on their limited power supply. The conservation of consumables had already begun when they shut down the command module. For most of the rest of the flight, it would only be used as a bedroom. Later, they powered down all of the systems in the lunar module except those required for life support, communications, and environmental control. Next, using precious power they could not afford to waste, the guidance platform was powered up and aligned. Mission control ordered an engine burn that added 38 feet per second to their velocity and put them on a free-return trajectory. Normally this would be a fairly simple procedure. Not this time, however. The descent engines on the LM were to be used instead of the CM’s SPS and the center of gravity had changed completely. At this point in time, had they done nothing, the astronauts trajectory would have returned them to Earth approximately 153 hours after launch. A quick calculation of consumables gave them less than an hour of consumables to spare. This margin was far too close for comfort. After a great deal of calculating and simulating at Mission Control here on Earth, it was determined that the lunar module’s engines could handle the required burn. So, the descent engines were fired sufficiently to boost their speed up another 860 fps, thus cutting their total flight time to 143 hours. Chilling Out Aboard Apollo 13 One of the worst problems for the crew during that return flight was the cold. Without power in the command module, there were no heaters. The temperature dropped to around 38 degrees F and the crew stopped using it for their sleep breaks. Instead, they jury-rigged beds in the warmer lunar module, although it was only slightly warmer. The cold kept the crew from resting well and Mission Control became concerned that the resulting fatigue could keep them from functioning properly. Another concern was their oxygen supply. As the crew breathed normally, they would exhale carbon dioxide. Normally, oxygen-scrubbing apparatus would cleanse the air, but the system in Aquarius wasn’t designed for this load, there was an insufficient number of filters for the system. To make it worse, the filters for the system in Odyssey were of a different design and not interchangeable. The experts at NASA, employees and contractors, engineered a makeshift adapter from materials the astronauts had on hand to allow them to be used, thus lowering the CO2 levels to acceptable limits. The makeshift device engineered by the Apollo 13 crew for life support. It was made from duct tape, maps, and other materials onboard the spacecraft. NASA Finally, Apollo 13 rounded the Moon and began its journey home to Earth. They still had a few more hurdles to overcome before they could see their families again. A Simple Procedure Complicated Their new re-entry procedure required two more course corrections. One would align the spacecraft more towards the center of the re-entry corridor, while the other would fine tune the angle of entry. This angle had to be between 5.5 and 7.5 degrees. Too shallow and they would skip across the atmosphere and back into space, like a pebble skimmed across a lake. Too steep, and they would burn up on re-entry. They could not afford to power up the guidance platform again and burn up their precious remaining power. They would have to determine the attitude of the ship manually. For experienced pilots, this would normally not be an impossible job, it would just be a matter of taking star sights. The problem now, though, came from the cause of their troubles. Ever since the initial explosion, the craft had been surrounded by a cloud of debris, glittering in the sunlight, and preventing such a sighting. The ground opted to use a technique worked out during Apollo 8, in which the Earth’s terminator and the sun would be used. Because it was a manual burn, we had a three-man operation. Jack would take care of the time, according to Lovell. Hed tell us when to light off the engine and when to stop it. Fred handled the pitch maneuver and I handled the roll maneuver and pushed the buttons to start and stop the engine. The engine burn was successful, correcting their re-entry angle to 6.49 degrees. People in Mission Control breathed a sigh of relief and continued working to bring the crew home safely. A Real Mess Four and a half hours prior to re-entry, the astronauts jettisoned the damaged service module. As it slowly receded from their view, they were able to make out some of the damage. They relayed to Houston what they saw. One whole side of the spacecraft was missing, and a panel was blown out. It really looked like a mess. A later investigation showed that the cause of the explosion was exposed electrical wiring. When Jack Swigert flipped the switch to stir the cryo tanks, the power fans were turned on within the tank. The exposed fan wires shorted and the Teflon insulation caught fire. This fire spread along the wires to the electrical conduit in the side of the tank, which weakened and ruptured under the nominal 1000 psi pressure within the tank, causing the no. 2 oxygen tank to explode. This damaged the number 1 tank and parts of the interior of the service module and blew off the cover for bay number 4. Two and a half hours before re-entry, using a set of special power-up procedures relayed to them by Mission Control in Houston, the Apollo 13 crew brought the command module back to life. As the systems came back on, everyone aboard, in Mission Control, and around the world breathed a sigh of relief. Splashdown An hour later, the astronauts also jettisoned the lunar module that had served as their lifeboat. Mission Control radioed, Farewell, Aquarius, and we thank you. Jim Lovell later said, She was a good ship. The recovery of the crew of Apollo 13 after the splashdown of what was left of their ship, 17 April 1970. NASA   The Apollo 13 Command Module splashed down in the South Pacific on April 17 at 1:07 PM (EST), 142 hours and 54 minutes after launch. It came down within sight of the recovery ship, the USS Iwo Jima, who had Lovell, Haise, and Swigert aboard within 45 minutes. They were safe, and NASA had learned valuable lessons about recovering astronauts from dangerous situations. The agency quickly revised procedures for the Apollo 14 mission and the flights that followed.

Analyse The Use Of Manipulatives Within An Eyfs Context,

Analyse the use of manipulatives within an EYFS context, (and in particular a mastery lesson) and identify and critically analyse a resource that has been observed or used during school experience. This assignment will analyse the use of manipulatives within and Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) context (particularly in a mastery lesson) as well as critically analyse a resource (manipulative) that I have observed being used first hand within an EYFS setting. Manipulatives in mathematics are practical apparatus that enable us to pick them up and manipulate them, such as; counters, multi-link cubes, digit cards, Cuisenaire rods, base ten, bead strings, place value counters and Dienes apparatus. They contain different aspects of mathematics†¦show more content†¦As a child masters a skill, it is important that the decision is left to them as to when they are ready to move on from manipulatives onto pictoral representations and finally to abstract representations. When using manipulatives, children are more enthusiastic and motivated to learn, they gain deeper understanding through the use of manipulatives and they can be effectively used to support and scaffold English Additional Language (EAL) learners to demonstrate their understanding in situations where they can not verbalise this. Psychologist Jean Piaget (1936) believed that children are ‘active learners’ and that they are able to grasp concepts by advancing through four stages of cognitive development, these are; the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage. These four stages of cognitive development are very similar to constructivist Jerome Bruner’s (1960) three modes of representation (as his ideas stem from those of Piaget). Bruner’s three modes of representation are; enactive (action based) - this involves encrypting action based information and storing it mentally in our memory, iconic (image based) – in this mode of representation, information is stored visually, symbolic (language based) – in this mode, information is able to be stored in code and symbols. Once you reach this mode of representation, actions as well as images stored in our memory

Strategic Management Theory Integrated Approach

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management Theory for Integrated Approach. Answer: Introduction: Various leveled structure is basic in picking the dynamic culture of a fragment besides controlling the operations and segments of a connection. This outline paper utilizes Ferrari World Abu Dhabi, to talk about the likelihood of good 'ol formed structure. The collusion has been an extraordinary achievement in pulling in both neighborhood and broad voyagers checking for joy workplaces and affiliations. An immaculate element structure for the association would be the utilitarian structure, showed up in the chart underneath. Functional Structure Benefits Functional structure has various privileges. In any case, the structure upgrades greatest utilitarian execution. By solidifying aptitudes required in a specific utilitarian field, Daft (2012) clarifies, associations advantage by getting proficient, productive and viable operations in the diverse practical offices. Moreover, it considers the sharing of significant information, abilities and aptitude in the offices and successful administration by gifted and experienced specialists, henceforth delivering more positive results (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). Moreover, while the structure takes into consideration strength improvement by helping faculty have practical experience in their master fields it presents associations with the advantages of padding shortcomings or helping different divisions (Csaszar, 2012). For instance, the showcasing research office can help the examination and development office by uncovering the market needs and inclinations. The HR division can enhance ev ery single other office by arranging for preparing of faculty. Plus, this structure takes into consideration practical assessment based by looking at departmental execution (Meredit and Mantel, 2011). Functional Structure Challenges Despite its practicality, the whole deal adequacy of utilitarian progressive structure is suspicious on account of the way that the structure gives confined affiliation see (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). The limits may have their own specific unprecedented masters however require colossal bits of learning into the general definitive targets likewise, goals. Besides, the structure is depicted by move responses to various conditions since the top supervisor are in charge of settling on the decision as they are seen as more experienced in the field. In light of current conditions, the subordinates and ace have obliged chances of testing their focal connection limits. Then, the move responsiveness could influence to deferments and negative operations happens as intended. Finally, the structure recognizes poor departmental duty since it is in every down to business detect hard to relate the divisions' cash related arrangements and proceeding with things or affiliations benefits. Behaviour Change Required In influencing a various leveled structure or any movements in legitimate structure, essential direct changes ought to be made with a particular ultimate objective to assemble the adaptability to the system (Daft, 2012). For this circumstance, there could be fundamental for change in the enlistment incite to getting skilled experts to work from the different stations. Moreover, their correspondence lead would need to be adjusted reviewing a complete focus to consider the traditions and chain of massiveness in making specific exchanges from each office. Since the affiliation is particularly in charge of decisions made, pros would be depended on to direct completely and be constant for the most part addressing foresee affiliation responses to the raised concerns. Fittingness of the Structure for Ferrari World Abu Dhabi Strong genuine structure is a more legitimate structure for the Ferrari World Abu Dhabi in light of the confining qualities as well as the change of the limits needed to overhaul the operations and fulfill unmistakable leveled targets. The structure makes sure that isolating focal alliance duties are decentralized inside divisions besides ensuring high bowed and experience among the pros for the unmistakable workplaces. In that cutoff, the affiliation can fulfill its objectives by ensuring operational proficiency in each of the zones that add its triumphs. The security division for instance ensures that clients are ensured of their thriving while using the workplaces while the strategies and showcasing ensures there is cooperation reliably by influencing pushing hypotheses for more ideal position. In light of current conditions, each individual unit is incredible in updating operations. Reference Claver-Corts, E., Pertusa-Ortega, E. M., Molina-Azorn, J. F. (2012). Characteristics of organizational structure relating to hybrid competitive strategy: Implications for performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(7), 993-1002. Csaszar, F. A. (2012). Organizational structure as a determinant of performance: Evidence from mutual funds. Strategic Management Journal, 33(6), 611-632. Daft, R. (2012). Organization theory and design. Cengage learning. Hill, C., Jones, G., Schilling, M. (2014). Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Meredith, J. R., Mantel Jr, S. J. (2011). Project management: a managerial approach. John Wiley Sons.

The Major Theories of Crime Causation

Table of Contents Introduction The rational choice theory The social structure theory Conclusion References Introduction The survival of any civilization hinges on the establishment of laws and codes of conduct and the subsequent obeying of the same by the members of the society. Since not all members of the community follow the law on their own accord, forms of punishment for wrongs done may be used both for retribution and deterrence purposes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Theories of Crime Causation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the years researchers have developed theories on how the brain works in regards to processing information, learning, and environmental adaptation. These theories have made it possible for various experts to identify and divide human beings according to their different intellectual capabilities and behaviors. In this paper, we shall research on how criminals come into being, the different types of criminals and the theories that best relate crime to the perpetrators. This paper argues that criminals in our societies are fueled by various political, social and environmental factors. The different theories that have been formulated to correlate this statement shall be explored, and the rationale behind them analyzed. According to Dweck (2000), there is a difference between a fixed and growth mindset. She states that people with a fixed mindset often believe in the basic intelligence they are born. They often doubt their abilities because their minds cannot perceive beyond what they think they can manage, and as such, they lack the motivation to try harder because they are afraid to lose. On the other hand, those with a growth mindset perceive challenges as an opportunity to prove and test their mental capabilities. With this in mind, the question that begs to be answered is: why do people commit crimes? The answer to this question can best be addressed by exploring the various theories that explain the causes of crime. The rational choice theory Miller (2009) asserts that this theory assumes that crime is a rational action undertaken by people and aimed towards an expected outcome. Therefore, crime is a matter of choice and is orchestrated with due diligence to the risks and benefits that may be accrued upon the undertaking of such actions. He claims that this theory is based on concepts that determine the motive behind every criminal activity. From this statement, it is evident that crime is a matter of careful planning and cost-benefit analysis. Siegel (2003) states that the perpetrators decide on which crime to commit after evaluating both the personal factors (financial gain, entertainment, revenge, etc.) and the situational factors such as availability of opportunities, police concentration and the level of security present.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fi rst paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Siegel (2003), there are two types of crimes in this theory. An offense-specific crime refers to an event chosen by the perpetrator due to its nature or characteristics. Criminals who specialize in this type of crime are mostly driven by the expected gain, ease of execution (escape routes and getaway vehicles) of the crime or the probability of evading capture/apprehension. On the other hand, an offender-specific crime depends mainly on the personal traits of the perpetrator. Before executing the crime, the criminals analyze their skills and capabilities to gauge whether they indeed have what it takes to carry out the act successfully. In addition to this, the individuals with this mind set are less likely to commit a crime if they feel that there are other legitimate means to actualize their specific goals. It should be noted that there is a significant difference between crime and criminality. Siegel (2003) contends that whil e crime refers to the actual event, criminality is a personal trait. This being said, it may not be surprising to find criminals that do not commit crimes or innocent people that commit crimes. This is because crime is influenced either by personal or situational factors. Criminality as a trait is fostered mainly by personal factors such as economic needs or seizure of available opportunities. For example, a student may choose to peddle drugs to supplement tuition fees or even maintain a particular lifestyle (financial needs). On the other hand, one may decide to shoplift simply because an opportunity has presented itself. Another factor constituting to criminality is false expectations. In this segment, the perpetrators view their criminal activities as a ticket to a better life. They believe that committing crimes present them with a chance of becoming successful or wealth in an uncompromising world. Siegel (2003) states that others learn criminal techniques in a bid to avoid dete ction and apprehension. In this case, the criminals manage to master ways of blending in and minimizing the risks of getting caught. The factors mentioned above have been noted and documented as means that condition people to adapt to criminality. On the other hand, two main factors structure crime: where it occurs (location), and the type of target. The social structure theory Akers (2009) affirms that there is a solid relationship between poverty and crime. The social structure approach to crime assumes that people commit crimes due to social, political, cultural and economic structures that govern them. To further understand the relationship between these structures and crime, we shall divide them and discuss them separately.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Theories of Crime Causation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The economic structure of any nation determines the atmosphere that its citizens dw ell in (Deflem, 2006). This is because the availability of money makes it possible to access the necessary amenities required by humans to exist. Such amenities include food, clothing, education, health facilities, security and shelter among others. However, almost every nation in the world experiences inequalities among its citizens in terms of wealth, prestige and power. Such inequalities further lead to socioeconomic stratification where people are grouped according to their financial status. Those people classified as the lower class at times have problems in accessing the amenities mentioned above due to inadequacies in their finances or neglect from the responsible authorities. As a result, they are left in a state of despair, frustration and poverty factors which lead most of them into crime as they try to make their ends meet. In addition to this, the lack of these resources accompanied by poverty has contributed to the elevated levels of school dropouts among the minorities . Siegel (2003) states that the lack of education minimizes the chances of succeeding in life, kills the motivation required to achieve and increases unemployment. Therefore, to cope, people often find themselves committing crimes or doing drugs. Socially, the theory assumes that people commit crimes as a result of the social structures adopted by a community. As mentioned earlier, this approach to crime dwells on the assumption that the unequal distribution of resources leads to an increase in criminal activities within a given area or social group. As such, the presence of gangs, lack of adequate security in the neighborhoods and social disorder are among the significant causes of crime. Akers (2009) states that the social structural approach to crime is further divided into other sub-theories which explain the causes of crime. The social disorganization approach is one such theory, and it assumes that crime is committed due to a general breakdown in the system which leads to a di sorganized community. Secondly is the strain theory which contends that people commit crime due to a conflict between personal goals and the ability to achieve them. Even though we all have goals and dreams, our ability to realize them depends on our social class. This means that the higher class members of society have a better chance of achieving their goals than those in the lower class.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This leaves those in the lower class desperate, angry and frustrated; factors which may lead them into committing crimes. The final sub-theory is the cultural deviance theory. This theory is a combination of the other two sub-theories and articulates that the factors that lead to crime push members of the community into formulating a culture which works for their interests. Conclusion Criminology is an essential science in today’s society. The need to understand the mindset of criminals is invaluable. As such, the development of theories that best explore criminality plays a pivotal role in the reduction of crime in our societies. Two of these theories have been highlighted, and the various factors that lead to crime discussed. It is however evident that there is a difference between crime and criminality. Therefore, to minimize crime, the responsible authorities must ensure that they focus on finding the solutions to the latter because solving such issues will go a long way in fighting crime and providing a safer future for generations to come. References Akers, R. L. (2009). Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. USA: Transaction Publishers. Deflem, M. (2010). Popular Culture, Crime, and Social Control. USA: Emerald Group Publishing Dweck, C. S. (2000). Self-theories: their role in motivation, personality, and development. USA: Psychology Press. Miller, J. M. (2009). 21st-century criminology: a reference handbook. USA: SAGE. Siegel, L. J. (2007). Criminology. USA: Wadsworth Publishing. This essay on The Major Theories of Crime Causation was written and submitted by user Camden I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Giordano Essays

Giordano Essays Giordano Paper Giordano Paper style, fabrics, etc. ) Excellence in service: continual commitment to providing excellent customer service and response. This is the result of integration of the corporate philosophy and leadership, service orientation of supporting functions like human resource policies (e. g. , selection, training and remuneration of frontline staff) and information systems, and performance monitoring (e. . , regular evaluations of service standards at store level and mystery shopping) Good site selection: Giordano’s location strategy provides a competitive advantage because of its direct impact on ability to generate high volume customer traffic while keeping low margins. Staff personnel: its sales staff is dedicated, ever-smiling, well-mannered and helpful Excellence in marketing and branding: strong positioning, brand equity for excellent service and ability to deliver â€Å"value-for-money†, consistent execution of advertising and promotion to strengthen brand image. Stylish: in order to meet the consumer’s desire for trendier fashion , Giordano has constantly work hard to come out with design that is stylish and fashionable in order to attract the consumer and meet the demand of the market A tightly controlled menu: It mainly focuses on a few items whose demand and desirability can be closely monitored. {text:bookmark-start} POPs-Points of Parity {text:bookmark-end} Giordano current positioning is value-for-money which sells its apparels and merchandise at low priced and affordable price, however this pricing strategies is just good enough only to attract customer there is not much of unique selling point as there a lot of competition from many other brands such as Baleno and Bossini, as well as ‘brand less’ clothes shops that operate in the retail market. These shops are able to provide similar kind of goods at relatively comparable prices and therefore, consumers may go to the other shops as well. Hence, Giordano may not be able to attract as much consumer as they wished. However, fashion trends are always changing, hence, it would still be sustainable for the company if Giordano has constantly make effort such as hiring great designer to come out with fashionable design that changes with different season so to cater to the consumer’s demand of trendier apparel. Giordano has not forgetting putting good communication channel between the company and its consumer such as constantly updates its consumer on the latest promotions and events that the company is going to held. In order to maintain the communicability between the parties. Giordano has made much effort on advertising and creating brand awareness through various media and channel. Giordano knows the power of Internet well as what normally companies do. Giordano also advertise its product on its corporate website so to make it easier for consumers to access its company information easily with just a click on the mouse, consumers are able to find out the information they looking for. This helps to bring the consumer closer and save the consumer time as could have found out what is the latest promotion or product the company is offering even before they make their trip to its outlets As mention above, Giordano offered a wide range of product for different of group of customer, it operates under the brands of â€Å"Giordano†, â€Å"Giordano Concepts†, â€Å"Giordano Junior† and â€Å"Giordano Ladies†. So to cater to different group. Giordano sell those common apparel for unisex at a affordable price, it show the feasibility of the company to sell those trendy casual apparel to attract lower class consumer yet make profit for the company. On the other hand, Giordano concepts sell more expensive apparels to those who afford to pay more, this mainly targeted at business group. Giordano kids will be targeting at small kid while the Giordano ladies is selling only the ladies wear. However, other company such as TOPSHOP and ZARA already have this similar business concept to target at different consumer group, it show that this kind concept is easily imitate by other company and therefore facing more competition. {text:bookmark-start} PODS-Points of Difference {text:bookmark-end} The primary source of differentiation comes from Giordano’s commitment to quality, in terms of the products it sells and the service it provides to customers. This can be illustrated by its dedication to training and motivating its front-line staff as well as its no-questions asked return policy. And to ensure that every store and individual employee provided excellent customer service, performance evaluations were conducted frequently at the store level, as well as for individual employees. The service standard of each store was evaluated twice every month, while individual employees were evaluated once every two months. Internal competitions were designed to motivate employees and store teams to do their best in serving customers. Every month, Giordano awarded the ‘Service Star’ to individual employees, based on nominations provided by shoppers. In addition, every Giordano store was evaluated every month by mystery shoppers. Based on the combined results of these evaluations, the ‘Best Service Shop’ award was given to the top shop. This motivates employee to give their best when serving customer Giordano has a unique model in retailing across the world, as it owns and operates most of its stores and only works on the franchising route if the potential partner matches the same passion as Giordano’s vision, mission, values, brand and culture. This helps it to inculcate our values upon all employees and directly to the customer,† continues Chugani. â€Å"It also helps it to maintain standards and consistency across the stores and operations. Most international brands have appointed different distributors and franchisees in each country and at times this has led to different modes of practice and inconsistencies in service, policies, price and merchandise. † Giordano assembles fully integrated pr ogrammes to create, communicate deliver values for the customers. Giordano sees itself as being more than just a retailer of casual apparel. It was able to successfully incorporate customer service as part of its product. Besides its brand name, logo, style and quality, excellent service has become part of the tangible products sold at Giordano stores. Customers have come to associate service excellence as an integral component of Giordano’s merchandise. Giordano is able to provide a high level of customer service through a concerted effort, which involved every employee of the company. Giordano set its outlet in very accessible which make it more convenience for the consumer to shop. and it position itself as value-for-money which sell it products at a affordable price which is good in quality yet trendy, there are occasionally sales promotion to attract more market share. The company emphasizes on â€Å"Simplicity and speed of operations†. Giordano maintains a flat organizational structure and this facilitates easy communication between people within the organization, helps to make speedy decision and to manage projects efficiently. For example, Giordano has around 17 core items and there are not more than 100 items in their shops. Focus makes Giordano’s shops more manageable that keeps the stores as simple as possible and better inventory management is possible. One of the Giordano’s key success factors is Excellence in design and service which comes from the integration of many activities in the value chain; it involves intangible elements such as organizational culture; and it does not reside in any particular individual. Thus, it is more difficult for competitors to â€Å"poach† this source of advantage and overtake Giordano, as compared to simply acquiring superior technology or poaching good managers. Moreover, even if competitors were to obtain this source of advantage, it might be difficult for them to implement it as successfully, because many factors such as the type of organizational culture and leadership would vary from company to company. {text:bookmark-start} Brand element {text:bookmark-end} Giordano Brand name: The store now sells clothes under the brands of â€Å"Giordano†, â€Å"Giordano Concepts† and etc. Concept Stores will feature exclusive designs and limited editions in their product offering. They will also have more dramatic window displays and in-store presentations with greater emphasis on mix-and-match to inspire customers â€Å"The new logo and store format allow us to establish a separate identity for Giordano Concepts and differentiate it from our regular stores,† remarked Peter Lau, Chairman and Chief Executive of Giordano International Limited. â€Å"With its prime location n high-traffic Mongkok and its impressive three-storey facade, the store enables Giordano Concepts to make a strong impact on consumers(refer to appendix) Giordano’s Url: as what other company does. Giordano has its own registered corporate website, for different regions and countries. It is a very meaning and representative to the consumer. As it facilitate the information of the company. Information such as company profile, investor relations and business opportunities etc and consume r even can shop online from where they are with just a click of mouse. Therefore, it is very useful and meaningful as it very convenient as ease to access. The url also is very easy to memorise. Giordano slogan WWS (world without stranger): it is a slogan chosen for its membership. in order to build long term relationship and public loyalty with its consumer, Giordano come up with the membership drive, the most recent one is the membership called WWS (world without stranger) which Customers must purchase $100 net in a single receipt and will be eligible to be a basic WWS member. From there the consumer are able to enjoy various benefits and privileges such as 10% off all regular priced items (not applicable at Giordano Ladies Giordano Concepts) 20% off all regular priced items throughout the month on members birthday (not applicable at Giordano Ladies Giordano Concepts). Gain 1 Bonus point for every $1 spent in any Giordano outlets. Every 20 bonus points can be converted to $1 cash rebate. Furthermore, it is a Lifetime membership and can be used in Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, China, Taiwan, Malaysia and etc Giordano’ Chinese logo {draw:frame} Giordano International is proud to unveil its new Chinese logo, created by the Chinese art master Huang Yongyu who is internationally acclaimed for his woodblock prints, ink paintings and literary works. This contemporary interpretation of the established Giordano name reinforces the brand’s undiminished vitality and continued relevance for consumers in the rapidly developing Chinese market. Refer to appendix) {text:bookmark-start} Brand Awareness Image {text:bookmark-end} As what as mentioned earlier in the POPs, Giordano has make use of the power of internet, it has its own corporate website in different language as one of the platform to advertise and create brand awareness by uploading it latest products and promotions with just a click of mouse however I feel that is was not good enough Giordano’s compe titors such as Gap and Bossini have more developed and innovative website as compared to Giordano as their website is more creative in the sense of designing of the webpage. They also provide more useful information on its company product and promotion sales going on, it benefits the competitor greatly as it is very accessible for the consumer. Giordano should upgrade its website to be as competitive as its competitor, it will help the company to advertise its product as with just a click on the mouse, consumer are able to find out the information they looking for. This helps to bring the consumer closer and save the consumer time as could have found out what is the latest promotion or product the company is offering even before they make their trip to its outlets. Giordano also advertises its products on newspapers and magazines such as â€Å"The Straits Times†, â€Å"Today†, â€Å"Stuffs†,†UW† and â€Å"8days† and etc†¦ By doing this advertising scheme, Giordano is then able to reach out to many consumers out there who might just catch a copy of one of those magazines and newspapers. Consumers would then be attracted to the attractive design and special sales it has to offer. With this advertising scheme, it is very advantageous towards Giordano as newspapers and magazines have very good local coverage, broad acceptance, and people usually believe the critics found in them. Lastly, Giordano focused not only creating revenues for its company, it also contribute to the society by taking part in the charity events. For example in conjunction with the Singapore 38thnational day parade, the sale of the National Day Parade collar pins and red â€Å"I Love Singapore† t-shirts was conducted island wide at 65 NTUC Fairprice outlets and 38 Giordano outlets respectively. And also during the period of Tsunami crisis, Giordano Ladies donated its New Years Day net profits from its stores in Hong Kong, China, Taiwan and Singapore to the Red Cross. I believe through all these charity programme and event, it will help to establish a good corporate image in consumer’s perception. For example when people heard about the company Giordano, they will retrieve from their memory that Giordano has do the charity event to helps the needy in disaster , this eventually give people a positive image of the company and so associate to the brand. {text:bookmark-start} Brand Opportunities {text:bookmark-end} One opportunity that Giordano can grab is the selling of sports apparel. As Singapore advances towards an ageing society, the old tend to get more health conscious. This is because they want to stay fit so that they can lead a longer and healthier life. In addition, the government has been emphasizing about the importance of doing exercises in recent years through campaigns such as Health Week. Hence, more people should be getting into the habit of doing exercise regularly. Giordano can grab this opportunity in selling sports apparels, maybe in bulks so that groups of people can exercise together in the same outfit. For example, usually in the morning, groups of old people would be doing their regular exercises in the parks or below their flats. Hence Giordano can target such groups of people by offering clothes that would appeal to their style of exercising. Next, the world is currently moving into a recession and Singapore has not been spared from it either. Singapore has faced technical recession for the last 2 consecutive quarters and the near future seems bleak. With an economic recession, the peoples’ income will fall. Hence they would be more careful with the way they spend their money. Giordano can grab this opportunity to earn money by focusing on offering lower end goods which would come in the form of lower prices, thus appealing to the thrifty customers in this period. On the other hand, they can also move into other markets where economic growth is still high in this period. Potential countries could include India and China which had been facing strong growth in the recent years. Hence, with rising income, these people would buy more goods and Giordano can be there to provide these goods. text:bookmark-start} Brand challenges {text:bookmark-end} There might be a switch of retailers from Giordano to other retailers such as Bossini and Hang Ten and etc though Giordano is positioning at value-for-money as Customers have little to no collective bargaining power. However, customers seeking value-for-money can easily switch from one retailer to another, compared to customers who seek specific appa rel brands. Next. Giordano current positioning is value-for-money, it might face difficulties in shifting to a higher end positioning or a branded brand from low-end value-for-money positioning. Giordano is having different position in different market hence Customers in these markets may become confused as to what Giordano stands for, and this inconsistency makes effective service strategy implementation difficult, particularly as consumers are becoming increasingly mobile and travel more frequently between Giordano’s core markets. In addition, economies of scale in apparel purchase, design and market communications may be diluted, if different strategies are followed across markets. If this trend persisted, Giordano may dilute its brand name and possibly might weaken its competitive advantage in other areas as well. I would recommend Giordano should gradually and slowly moved its positioning upwards to meet the rising affluence, and hence the resulting desire for high-end apparel, of its core target segment â€Å"Giordano’s success in the Middle East has prompted us to expand into other markets that are already familiar with the brand due to their proximity to the region. In most of our new markets, there already exist a strong awareness of the Giordano brand because of frequent travels to the Middle East and our presence in the Dubai and Qatar airport duty free stores. So our main challenge in these markets is to find partners who believe in the brand and are committed to delivering,† said Ishwar Chugani, Executive Director for Giordano Middle East. (Refer to appendix) {text:bookmark-start} Appendix {text:bookmark-end} {text:bookmark-end} apc. starcresto. com/giordano2. htm zawya. com/printstory. cfm? storyid=ZAWYA20060627072457l=000000060627 giordano. com. hk/web/HK/investors/news/MongkokConceptStore. html Concept store giordano. om. hk/web/HK/investors/news/GiordanoMiddleEast. html Giordano Middle East Enters New Markets http://mdshossain. wordpress. com/2008/02/26/giordano-making-a-value-for-money-high-volume-high-quality-service-strategy-work/ giordano. com. sg/ gap. com. sg http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Giordano_(clothing)) bossini. com giordano. com. hk/web/HK/investors/news/tsunami_HK. html * giordano. com. hk/web/hk/investors/news/NewChineseLogo. html* Chinese logo

E-business As the Present and the Future of Business Models Term Paper

E-business As the Present and the Future of Business Models - Term Paper Example This report will also describe how web pages and websites work, as well as state what are qualities of a good web page. Seatwave The company which is going to be subject of this report is Seatwave. According to the Wikipedia site, Seatwave is a ticket exchange site, in which buyers and sellers can purchase tickets. The site acts as a middleman, much like E-Bay or other auction sites. This is how Wikipedia describes the organization – â€Å"Seatwave is an online ticket exchange service operating in the European market.[1] It was founded by Joe Cohen in 2006 and allows the purchase and sale of tickets to live events including music, theatre, and sport. Seatwave acts as the middleman, with buyers and sellers never having contact with one another, but the site guarantees all tickets. If a buyer pays for tickets that never arrive, the company will find replacement tickets or issue a full refund. The company also guarantees that all tickets come from legitimate sources. Sellers are not paid for their ticket sales until after the event has occurred and buyers have gained entrance† (Wikipedia.org). Understanding the Scope of E-Business The Seatwave is a fan to fan site, so the most relevant business model would be the customer to customer model. That said, there are also value chain issues with even a fan to fan site, so this implicates the business to business models, as well as the business to consumer and consumer to business models. Most of the models today would be considered to be customer to customer, customer business, or business to customer. Good examples of the customer business and business to customer models would be several of the models described by Tvrdikova & Koubek (2010), which are described below. E-procurement is the one business to the business model described Tvrdikova & Koubek (2010), and this is where businesses use the Internet to obtain or provide products and services to one another. Usually, these procurement models use an int egrated approach, such as combining procurement and value chain into one model (Niles, 2008), or combining products, services, and activities into one model (Zott, 2010). This is echoed by Jovarauskiene and Pilinkiene (2009), who see business to business as two partners dealing with one another, as opposed to dealing with discrete tasks, such as just value-chain or just procurement. Stockdale and Standing (2004) enumerate some of the benefits and barriers to e-marketplace participation. They state that one of the benefits is that the business can keep up with changing business landscapes, so that they are flexible and nimble, which are two excellent advantages. The changes that they cite include global market access facilitation, changed production costs and methods, enhanced communication, stimulated competition and reduce transaction costs.They also cite lower transaction costs, improved product differentiation, improved ability to enter supply chain for larger companies, improved customer service, a great potential for partnerships, access to more markets, and convenience as also being

Fiber Optic cables Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fiber Optic cables - Essay Example The phenomenon of guiding light through bent glass has been early given by Leonardo DaVinci in one of his notebooks. But, he has not been able to verify this assertion. What is known for certain is that total internal reflection of light in a beam of water, basically guided light, and was given by the physicist John Tyndall in either 1854 or 1870, depending upon which reference you consult. Tyndall showed that light could be bent around a corner while it traveled through a jet of pouring water. Using light for communications came after this. . In 1934 the first patent on guided optical communications over glass was obtained by AT &T. unfortunately, no materials were available at that time to fabricate a glass (or other type of transparent material) fiber optic cable with sufficiently low attenuation to make guided optical communications possible. Between 1968 and 1970, experts who were working at a number of different academic, industrial and government laboratories dropped the attenuation of glass fiber optic cable from over 1000 dB/km to less than 20 dB/km. Corning patented its fabrication process for the cable. In the late 1980's and 1990's this progress increased with the even lower cost plastic fiber optic cable and Plastic Clad Silica (PCS). In last few years a number of oceanic fiber optic cables have been fabricated. One cable was fabricated in 1990. That was relatively non-controversial. However, as additional cables were introduced, the coastal fishing industry became increasingly concerned about the loss of fishing ground resulting from cable placement, and their liability should they come into contact with a cable. Another cable was fabricated in 1998. To represent their interests a number of coastal fishers formed a committee. After discussion on numerous issues, the fishers and the cable owner reached on a conc lusion that has served as the basis for later agreements' between these two groups in Oregon. Two concentric layers termed the core and the cladding are the basic composition of a fiber optic cable. These layers are shown in the following figure. Fiber Optic Cable, 3 dimensional view and its basic cross section Both core and cladding have different refraction indexes with the core having R1 and the cladding R2. Light is piped through the core. In Fiber optic cable an additional coating termed as jacket is also provided around the cladding. Core, cladding and jacket are all shown in the three dimensional view on the left side of above Figure. The jacket is usually made up of one or more layers of polymer. This jacket protects the core and cladding from shocks that might affect their optical or physical properties. It acts like a shock absorber. The jacket also provides protection from abrasions, solvents, Small oil

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts Essay Example for Free

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts Essay Historically, qualitative methodologies have been available much longer some as early as the 19th century as the quantitative tools marketers rely on so heavily. (2014) Donald R. Cooper Quantitative research attempts precise measurement of something. In business research, quantitative methodologies usually measure consumer behavior, knowledge, opinions, or attitudes. Such methodologies answer questions related to how much, how often, how many, when, and who (2014) Donald R. Cooper There are a few methods researchers’ uses to acquire or validate data; The interview is the primary data collection technique for gathering data in qualitative methodologies. Interviews vary based on the number of people involved during the interview, the level of structure, the proximity of the interviewer to the participant, and the number of interviews conducted during the research. The interview can be conducted individually (individual depth interview or IDI) or in groups. (2014) Donald R. Cooper Questionnaires often make use of Checklist and rating scales. These devices help simplify and quantify peoples behaviors and attitudes. A checklist a list of behaviors, characteristics, or other entities that the researcher is looking for. Either the researcher or survey participant simply checks whether each item on the list is observed, present or true or vice versa. A rating scale is more useful when a behavior needs to be evaluated on a continuum. They are also known as Likert scales. (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001) http://people.uwec.edu/ Some strengths of each statistical approach is that they can help to find the studies generalized to the population about which information is required, samples of individuals, communities, or organizations can be selected to ensure that the results will be representative of the population studied. Structural factors that determine how inequalities (such as gender inequalities) are produced can be analyzed, QUANT estimates can be obtained of the magnitude and distribution of impacts, QUANT estimates can be obtai ned of the costs and benefits of interventions. Some weakness of each  statistical is there is often no information on contextual factors to help interpret the results or to explain variations in behavior between households with similar economic and demographic characteristics, administration of a structured questionnaire creates an unnatural situation that may alienate respondents, studies are expensive and time-consuming, and even the preliminary results are usually not available for a long period of time, research methods are inflexible because the instruments cannot be modified once the study begins.(2014) interaction.org When it comes to statistic analysis, there are two classifications: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. In a nutshell, descriptive statistics intends to describe a big hunk of data with summary charts and tables, but do not attempt to draw conclusions about the population from which the sample was taken. You are simply summarizing the data you have with pretty charts and graphs–kind of like telling someone the key points of the book as opposed to just handing them a thick book. (2012) mymarketresearchmethods Sampling is a shortcut method for investigating a whole population which it gathers data here on a small part of the whole parent population or sampling frame, and used to inform what the whole picture is like Systematic point sampling a grid can be used, and the points can be at the intersections of the grid lines or in the middle of each grid square. Sampling is done at the nearest feasible place. Along a transect line, sampling points for vegetation/pebble data collection could be identified systematically. Systematic line sampling the easting’s or nothings of the grid on a map can be used to identify transect lines, along a beach it could be decided that a transect up the beach will be conducted every 20 metros along the length of the beach Systematic area sampling A ‘pattern of grid squares to be sampled can be identified using a map of the study area. Advantages: It is more straight-forward than random sampling, a grid doesnt necessarily have to be used; sampling just has to be at uniform intervals, good coverage of the study area can be more easily achieved than using random sampling Disadvantages: It is more biased, as not all members or points have an equal chance of being selected; it may, therefore, lead to over or under-representation of a particular pattern In this article, we analyzed a dataset of fraudul ent credit card transactions to uncover patterns in fraudulent transactions and to demonstrate the importance of  focusing on suspicious transactions. We argue that revealed patterns in fraudulent transactions may help financial The ability to combine to combine different research approach across conventional methodological often frustrated. Qualitative and quantitative researchers often operate with a different set of assumptions about the world and ways of learning about it. These assumptions may be seen as mutually and inevitably irreconcilable. Researchers are often taught to master only one type of method and, so, become comfortable with their expertise in handling either quantitative or qualitative analysis, but not both After reading all the material provided I must say that the best and most appropriate research method in my business would be qualitative research because it goes more in depth into the study of the business platform would give me a better and clear picture of the stability and understanding, another approach would be sampling because it gives me different choices of how to find data and make it more accurate . Inferential Article, macromolecular structures calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance data are not fully determined by experimental data but depend on subjective choices in data treatment and parameter settings. This makes it difficult to judge the precision of the structures objectively. We used Bayesian inference to derive a probability distribution that represents the unknown structure and its precision. This probability distribution also determines additional unknowns, such as theory parameters, which previously had to be chosen empirically. We implemented this approach by using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. Our method provides an objective figure of merit and improves structural quality. Because conventional structure ensembles depend on user-specific parameter settings and the minimization protocol, it is difficult if not impossible to assign statistically meaningful error bars to atomic coordinates. In contrast, stochastic samples drawn from the joint posterior density p(X, ÃŽ ³, ÏÆ'|D,I) are statistically well defined and can directly be used to calculate estimates of mean values and standard deviations (14). As a special case, we can derive an average structure with atomise error bars and are thus able to define an objective figure of merit for NMR structures (2014) Inferential Structure Determination Descriptive article Walking is second only to private cars as the most common means by which individuals get from place to place in the USA and Europe. The speed at which individuals walk is relevant to their  functioning in the community, mortality of older adults, incident ischemic stroke among postmenopausal women, and incident dementia among older adults, this study does have several limitations. First, it is not comprehensive. Although four databases were used to find relevant literature, the final search was up to the end of 2008. Between that time and the present, relevant articles other than the two identified through hand searches may have been published. Of the relevant articles identified, some did not provide data in a manner that enabled inclusion Reference (2014) Donald R. Cooper Business Research Methods 12e Entire eBook http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/descriptive-inferential-statistics-difference/ http://people.uwec.edu/ http://people.uwec.edu/ http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/Fieldwork+and+local+learning/Fieldwork+techniques/Sampling+techniques.htm http://gbr.sagepub.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/content/14/3/373 http://www.interaction.org/annex-1-strengths-and-weaknesses-quant-evaluation-approaches http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/213604856?pq-origsite=summon

Essay --

Cigarette smoking during childhood and adolescence produces significant health problems, including an unfavorable lipid profile, cough and phlegm production, and decreased physical fitness. One may also develop an increase in the number and severity of respiratory illnesses, and be susceptible to potential retardation in the rate of lung growth and the level of maximum lung function. Once advanced beyond their teenage years, almost all individuals try to quit smoking, but most fail. Therefore, a solution to the problem of smoking among children and adolescents must be to prevent young people from being lured into the destructive habit. In order to effectively prevent, or at least decrease the likelihood of, smoking among young people, one needs to understand the reasons why children and teens start to smoke. A few are: peer and societal pressures, internal struggles, and the obligation to succeed in academics. Peer pressure is one of the primary reasons young people smoke. It may be placed on the subject in the form of outright, verbal persuasion, or it may manifest itself as one's...

Legal and Professional Issues – Manager of an IT company

You are a manager with an IT company supplying information management systems to medical practices. A company marketing health-related products (complementary medicines, books on diets and ‘miracle' cures of various kinds) has approached you. They suggest that you jointly offer doctors incentives to accept a feature in your system that will print out advertisements for their products on documents for patients and target different categories of patients with mailings. Content Page Title Page Content Page Ethical Issues it raises for; * The individuals- doctors, IT manager 4 * The groups – marketing company, patients 4-5 Enquires which may be carried out in order to understand the problem better 5 Proposed ‘solution' for the problem 5-6 Bibliography 7 Appendices 8-11 Manager of an IT company Ethical Issues it raises for; IT Manager * Data Protection Act 1998- â€Å"sensitive personal data† within the act states that ‘his physical or mental health or condition'1 should not be disclosed. See Appendices. * Human rights act 1998 * The act of ‘Bribery', illegal in the UK. * Company should have made a legal binding to the medical practice to secure data leakage. * Ethics and Information Technology. See Bernhard Debatin in Appendices. * In relation to Mills theory- the consequences could lead to higher monitoring of privacy if the activity is disclosed. See Appendices. Doctors * Following the principle of Mills, again, the consequences could be increased monitoring of doctoring practice locally or through the UK. * Data protection act 1998 * Human rights act 1998 * Unspoken confidentiality agreement with patient (doctor/ patient relationship) * Medical ethical practices, as laid out by the General Medical Council http://www.gmc-uk.org/standards/default.htm. * Breaking position of patient/ doctor authority * Misinforming patients/ disclosing information about a product he/she may know little about i.e. not knowing the side affects and misinforming patients claiming a ‘miracle cure'. * Accepting a personal ‘incentive' on behalf of patient confidentiality * Viewed as a high profile in society- should set a high ethical example * Potential- under Mills theory, of loosing the Doctor Status, respect and trust of the patients. Marketing Company * The British Code of Advertising Practice * Marketing ethical practices * Freedom of Information Act 2000 – could be viewed as ‘ethical' for such medical information to be disclosed in Europe. Patients * Unspoken confidentiality agreement with doctor (doctor/ patient relationship) * Date protection Act 1998 as before * Human Rights Act 1998 as before * Doctor- medical professional, patient- not a medical professional, thus the acceptance of something neither may no much about would potentially occur * Names/ Address/ disabilities and/or illnesses being disclosed; private and personal information which could be very sensitive to the individual. Enquires which may be carried out in order to understand the problem better It would be beneficial to do all the following in order to understand the situation better: * Contact the marketing company to gain a comprehensive understanding of the products; if not, the manufacturer. * Conduct research to find out if the product(s) have been used elsewhere, and if so, what the results were. * Contact the NHS; what are the regulations behind the marketing of products within medical practises. As the governing body, has research been previously carried out on these products? * Contact the General Medical Council who protect/ guide doctors and patients. With thorough knowledge of ethical guidance procedures for doctors and patients, they claim doctors should along with many other things; o â€Å"Respect and protect confidential information [about patients] o Respect patients' dignity and privacy o Avoid abusing your position as a doctor†2 * Speak to the doctors, ask them about the product and for them to speak to their peers in regard to the product- has others heard/used them. Proposed ‘solution' for the problem There are a couple of steps that can be carried out in order to minimise the ethical dilemmas that are concealed within this problem; 1. The IT Manager [myself] could give the doctors details obtained from the company marketing health-related products so that they have the choice as to whether they carry out the advertising- it would then be their responsibility to ensure date protection. 2. The idea of disclosing patient information in my view [acting as the manager] is totally unethical, and will not even be taken into consideration; even with an incentive- it would put my profession as well as the medical practice under legal scrutiny. 3. The NHS could be contacted to see if it would be possible for the marketing company to operate through them, ensuring that nothing illegal/unethical is taking place, and thus increasing the financial position of the NHS, again, leaving the IT company out of the equation

Essay about Interpersonal Effectiveness - 681 Words

Amongst the stronger areas for me out of the four components of interpersonal effectiveness are emotional intelligence, ethnics, and competence. Mindfulness is a weak area for me. I’m not completely mindless, but it wouldn’t hurt working on being more mindful in some situations. I have been told my whole life what a wonderful listener I am. How I’m such a people’s person and how I was born to be a Psychiatrist. In a nutshell, I am pretty comfortable with being aware of my emotions and keeping them in check as well as being fully aware of other’s emotions as well. In addition, I not only keep my eyes on the prize, I don’t lose focus on my relationships with the desired people in my life. While needing improvement in the mindfulness†¦show more content†¦The client became irate and very agitated. These particular clients may become very dangerous. So I decided to come to her aid and I calmly asked what was going on and listened to the young man explain the situation. Once he saw that I was calm and trying to be understanding, he calmed also. Afterwards we both explained to my co-worker how in his country it is disrespectful for a female to talk to a male in that manner. One thing I learned at Central State Hospital is to treat ALL people like humans! You would not believe how most of the staff treats the clients. It pains me to believe that people can be so cruel. I always try to be sympathetic and empathetic to my clients. I think I was effective in this situation because I kept my emotions in check, but was still aware of the emotions of the ones around me. By me knowing the young man’s background a little, it made it easier for me to react accordingly and explain to my co-worker about how the young man has different morals than us. To be ethical in interpersonal communication to me is to not think of everything in black and white. When being put in different situations where morality and ethics come into play we have to not judge everyone from our standards. We must keep in mind that people have different backgrounds and may have been reared differently. Therefore, what we feel is ethical or morally correct may beShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness And Effectiveness Of Interpersonal Communication1340 Words   |  6 PagesBeing competent in interpersonal communication is one of the most vital skills to have not only in the professional world, but also in everyday life. By being competent in interpersonal communication, a person is able to effectively communicate with other people, enabling them to build better relationships with the people they surround themselves with. In order to be considered competent, one has to be able to be appropriate, effective, adaptable, involved, managing the conversation, and using empa thyRead MoreInterpersonal Effectiveness Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagesin this course, take the time to organize your thoughts for each question and write clearly. The completed worksheet should be not more than three pages. 1. Describe a goal for interpersonal improvement in your personal life. Be sure to explain the following: * What aspects of your own interpersonal communication skills would you like to improve? * How far are you from attaining this goal? * Do you think this goal is set too high or too low? Why, or why not? * How longRead MoreEffectiveness Of Effective Interpersonal Communication1037 Words   |  5 Pagesuse of effective interpersonal communication is the numer one compliance tool and resource for law enforcement officers. According to a survey, law enforcement officers spend 80 percent of the time using their interpersonal communications, whether its verbal, face-to -face, on the two way radio, writing reports, notebooks, computers, etc. It can be basically categorized into communicating within the law enforcement environment and communication within the community. Interpersonal communication canRead MoreInterpersonal Effectiveness1123 Words   |  5 PagesThere are four components to interpersonal effectiveness, which are competence, emotional intelligence, ethics, and mindfulness. Competence is the ability to accomplish set goals. In order to feel as if one is competent, I believe motivation is a huge factor that can cause a decrease in competence. At this point in my life, I am definitely questioning my competence. I feel a complete lack of effectiveness and my motivation does tend to waiver according to my constantly changing moods (BipolarRead MoreIntrapersonal Effectiveness And Interpersona l Effectiveness1099 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermined my intrapersonal effectiveness by using the NEO IPIP. I reflected my intrapersonal effectiveness and directly related these competencies to my career. In addition, I use SMART criteria to set my career goal and develop some competencies. Intrapersonal effectiveness Organizational effectiveness has categories into intrapersonal effectiveness and interpersonal effectiveness. In this portfolio, I was focus on intrapersonal effectiveness. Intrapersonal effectiveness can be defined as understandingRead MoreEssay on Interpersonal Effectiveness1003 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant factor in self-presentation to me is honesty. This is how I would like to leave an impression for others to have a perception of me that I am honest which in alignment with the social moral identity. (Ph.D, Jess K. Alberts. Interpersonal Effectiveness: Psychology 180. Argosy University, 2009). Most of what I know or think I know of other people springs from what I know of myself, and that includes the quality of honesty. Whether I know myself to be mostly honest or mostly dishonestRead MoreInterpersonal Effectiveness : The Principle Of Mindfulness1368 Words   |  6 PagesInterpersonal Effectiveness Defined Interpersonal effectiveness is defined as asking for what one wants and being able to say no while maintaining self-respect and relationships with others (Psych Central, 2015, p.1). â€Å"Individuals with borderline traits or emotional dysregulation often struggle to maintain healthy relationships because they have only learned how to engage with others in a highly emotional manner† (Hall Flanagan, 2014, p. 238). Clients must learn both how to manage their own strongRead MoreSummary: Interpersonal Effectiveness Psy 1801251 Words   |  6 PagesSummary: How To Listen Empathetically Sharon Gaither Argosy University Psychology 180: Interpersonal Effectiveness Professor Erica Wattley October 10, 2012 Interpersonal Effectiveness Skills: Empathy Empathetic Listening Empathy is the way you feel or understand another person; it is a deep emotional understanding of a person’s feelings or problems. It is as we often hear people say put yourself in someone else’s shoes. An empathic listener gives the otherRead MoreThe Theory Of The Constructivist Theory2000 Words   |  8 Pageslearning goals and rewards; 5) Interpersonal skills: For example, decision-making, leadership, communication, trust-building and perseverance(6). 2) ‘Effect size’ (ES) is an easy method of quantifying the magnitude of the size of difference existing between two groups. It is easy to be understood and comes in great use for quantifying the effectiveness of a particular intervention, relative to some comparison. It enables the testing of a particular intervention’s effectiveness over a variety of contexts(7)Read MoreThe Field Of Mental Health2789 Words   |  12 Pagesbarriers, a primary difficulty arises due to lacking consensus as to what constitutes â€Å"evidence† within the field. For example, the Division 12 Task Force (Lonigan et al., 1995) distinguished efficacy, the internal validity of outcome research, from effectiveness, the external validity of outcome research findings. ESTs are further categorized as probably efficacious and well-established (Chambless et al., 1998; Chambelss Hollon, 1998). Alternatively, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA)